Search results for "socrates"

Książę Niccola Machiavellego jako przykład zastosowania toposu zakulisowości

2019

Aby wyjaśnić fenomen popularności Księcia Niccola Machiavellego, należy wskazać na osobliwy sposób komunikowania się autora tego dzieła z czytelnikiem. Autor przedstawia siebie jako fachowca z dziedziny sztuki politycznej, za swoich czytelników zaś chce mieć jedynie tych, którzy, jak on, znają się na rzeczy. Charakterystyczny zimny i, z pozoru przynajmniej, nieozdobny styl, jakim posługuje się autor Księcia, podkreśla dodatkowo profesjonalny i nieosobisty stosunek pisarza do przedmiotu jego rozważań. W kategoriach teorii retorycznej taki sposób komunikowania się daje się opisać jako poszukiwanie okrężnych dróg do tego, co Kenneth Burke określał mianem konsubstancjacji retorycznej. Mówca sta…

La imitatio Socratis in Gellio, N. A. 3.1.1

2012

Socrate e il mare. Il modello odissiaco nel Fedone

2015

Nel Fedone Platone traccia una biografia intellettuale di Socrate articolata in vari momenti. L’ultimo di essi (τὸν δεύτερον πλοῦν, la “seconda navigazione”) consiste nel passaggio dall’osservazione naturalistica ad una fi- losofia orientata in senso dialogico. La metafora della “seconda navigazione” rimanda al V libro dell’Odissea, in cui Odisseo rinuncia alla vita paradisiaca nell’isola di Calipso per tentare la traversata dell’abisso su una zattera e rag- giungere Itaca. In tutto il dialogo si trovano numerosi riferimenti all’Odissea: l’excursus autobiografico in cui Socrate definisce la propria filosofia può essere confrontato con i Discorsi di Odisseo alla corte del re Alcinoo. In …

Er?mos Aporos as the Paradigmatic Figure of Western (Thanato) Political Subject

2013

The originary figure of the Western political subject is neither the Aristotelian zōon politikon nor the Agambenian homo sacer but the Socratic erēmos aporos. Like the Agambenian homo sacer, the Socratic erēmos aporos is abandoned by his fellow citizens, not outside the polis but in the polis, being a refugee in his own city. He lives, as Callicles says of Socrates in Gorgias (486c), “in his city as an absolute outcast.” Moreover, like the Agambenian homo sacer, the Socratic erēmos aporos also lives in a state close to death—“in a state as close to death as possible,” as Socrates says of himself in Phaedo (67d). However, there is a decisive difference between the Agambenian homo sacer and …

European Action Programmes for Lifelong Learning

2009

Vocational education and training has been a part of the process of creating a European community since the 1950s. The European training programmes Erasmus and Comett were launched in the 1980s. After the Maastricht Treaty, agreed in 1992, such training programmes were expanded further at the same time as emphasizing their importance to the internationalization of education. With a view to promoting and intensifying educational co-operation, in 1995 the European Commission created two new educational programmes called Socrates and Leonardo da Vinci. Both are umbrella schemes that brought together previously separate action programmes in the field of education. Leonardo da Vinci has been a E…

The (Meta)politics of Thinking

2021

In this chapter, Jussi Backman approaches Hannah Arendt’s readings of ancient philosophy by setting out from her perspective on the intellectual, political, and moral crisis characterizing Western societies in the twentieth century, a crisis to which the rise of totalitarianism bears witness. To Arendt, the political catastrophes haunting the twentieth century have roots in a tradition of political philosophy reaching back to the Greek beginnings of philosophy. Two principal features of Arendt’s exchange with the ancients are highlighted. The first is her account, in The Human Condition (1958), of the profound transformation of the Greek perceptions of political life initiated by Plato, the…

Los prejuicios no percibidos y el caso Sócrates: un ejemplo paradigmático

2021

En un trabajo anterior defendimos que no se había prestado suficiente atención al procedimiento utilizado en el juicio contra Sócrates, sin que examináramos las causas de esa desatención. Ahora, tras analizarlas, llegamos a la conclusión de que ese procedimiento se habría malentendido completamente al haberse implementado un prejuicio no percibido. Habríamos extrapolado a ese procedimiento los presupuestos individualistas de los procedimientos vigentes hoy en día y, en consecuencia, habríamos estado sordos a lo que nos dice la tradición. Un ejemplo de sordera que podría ser muy útil para detectar otros casos semejantes de implementación de prejuicios no percibidos. In a previous work, we de…

Choice and Practical Reasoning in Ancient Philosophy

2013

Ancient thinkers acknowledged that we are the sort of creatures that want things to be a certain way and can make efforts for them to become that way. In that sense, the ancients had a notion of volition. But it is not clear how they conceived of volition. The problem is partly historical. Some late ancient, notably Christian thinkers came to regard volition in a different way than earlier thinkers had done, seeing reason as a less powerful ability than Socrates did, and instead placing their hopes on the will, which they regarded as a separate and sovereign part of the soul. About these historical developments there is much debate and little agreement. The problem is also partly conceptual…

Povertà e vita. Mendicità e filosofia nel mondo greco

2015

Nel v-iv secolo a. C., la lingua e la cultura greca collocano, come si evince dal Pluto di Aristofane, la povertà in una posizione mediana fra ricchezza e mendicità. Essa si distingue dai due estremi della scala soltanto da un punto di vista quantitativo e costituisce un utile incentivo alla vita associata e al progresso delle technai. Nei discorsi tucididei di Pericle, l’idea è espressa con chiarezza: le technai, da esercitare con moderazione e in vista del bene comune, concorrono a fare uscire il cittadino ateniese dalla povertà e dall’oscurità sociale, promuovendone la partecipazione politica, in un’ottica di reciprocità orizzontale. L’eccezione più vistosa a questo paradigma che mette i…

Love of Enemies in the Context of Antiquity

2001

Do we find the principle of ‘loving one's enemies’ or precursors thereof in pre-Christian antiquity? In the Greco-Roman tradition we find as a common maxim ‘helping friends and harming enemies’ combined with the talio and the Golden Rule. Only Socrates and some Roman stoics recommend never to take revenge. In the OT Lev 19.18 may possibly be interpreted as a commandment of loving one's enemies. The first to have understood Lev 19.18 in this sense seems to be Jesus. Christians have too rarely lived up to his commandment.