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showing 10 items of 5114 documents
Engineered exosomes: A new promise for the management of musculoskeletal diseases.
2018
Abstract Background Exosomes are nanovesicles actively secreted by potentially all cell types, including tumour cells, with the primary role of extracellular systemic communication mediators, both at autocrine and paracrine levels, at short and long distances. Recently, different studies have used exosomes as a delivery system for a plethora of different molecules, such as drugs, microRNAs and proteins. This has been made possible thanks to the simplicity in exosomes engineering, their great stability and versatility for applications in oncology as well as in regenerative medicine. Scope of review The aim of this review is to provide information on the state-of-the-art and possible applicat…
Epigenetic IVD Tests for Personalized Precision Medicine in Cancer
2019
Epigenetic alterations play a key role in the initiation and progression of cancer. Therefore, it is possible to use epigenetic marks as biomarkers for predictive and precision medicine in cancer. Precision medicine is poised to impact clinical practice, patients, and healthcare systems. The objective of this review is to provide an overview of the epigenetic testing landscape in cancer by examining commercially available epigenetic-based in vitro diagnostic tests for colon, breast, cervical, glioblastoma, lung cancers, and for cancers of unknown origin. We compile current commercial epigenetic tests based on epigenetic biomarkers (i.e., DNA methylation, miRNAs, and histones) that can actua…
Sperm chromosomal abnormalities and their contribution to human embryo aneuploidy.
2018
In this work we reviewed 18 years of experience using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) for sperm aneuploidy testing. We evaluated parameters associated with increased numerical sperm chromosome abnormalities and determined the male contribution to embryo aneploidies in terms of reproductive outcome by increased sperm aneuploidy. This retrospective study analyzed data from 2008 sperm samples of infertile males undergoing FISH analysis because of clinical history of repetitive implantation failure, recurrent miscarriage, impaired sperm parameters, or mixed causes. Sperm concentration was the only sperm parameter associated with FISH results—we observed a gradual increase of abnormal …
Molecular Biology of Atherosclerotic Ischemic Strokes
2020
Among the causes of global death and disability, ischemic stroke (also known as cerebral ischemia) plays a pivotal role, by determining the highest number of worldwide mortality, behind cardiomyopathies, affecting 30 million people. The etiopathogenetic burden of a cerebrovascular accident could be brain ischemia (~80%) or intracranial hemorrhage (~20%). The most common site when ischemia occurs is the one is perfused by middle cerebral arteries. Worse prognosis and disablement consequent to brain damage occur in elderly patients or affected by neurological impairment, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and diabetes. Since, in the coming years, estimates predict an exponential increase of people w…
In Silico Insights towards the Identification of NLRP3 Druggable Hot Spots
2019
NLRP3 (NOD-like receptor family, pyrin domain-containing protein 3) activation has been linked to several chronic pathologies, including atherosclerosis, type-II diabetes, fibrosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and Alzheimer’s disease. Therefore, NLRP3 represents an appealing target for the development of innovative therapeutic approaches. A few companies are currently working on the discovery of selective modulators of NLRP3 inflammasome. Unfortunately, limited structural data are available for this target. To date, MCC950 represents one of the most promising noncovalent NLRP3 inhibitors. Recently, a possible region for the binding of MCC950 to the NLRP3 protein was described but no details were …
Phytochemical inhibitors of the NLRP3 inflammasome for the treatment of inflammatory diseases
2021
The NLRP3 inflammasome holds a crucial role in innate immune responses. Pathogen- and danger-associated molecular patterns may initiate inflammasome activation and following inflammatory cytokine release. The inflammasome formation and its-associated activity are involved in various pathological conditions such as cardiovascular, central nervous system, metabolic, renal, inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Although the mechanism behind NLRP3-mediated disorders have not been entirely illuminated, many phytochemicals and medicinal plants have been described to prevent inflammatory disorders. In the present review, we mainly introduced phytochemicals inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome in addition…
HSP60 is a ubiquitous player in the physiological and pathogenic interactions between the chaperoning and the immune systems
2017
HSP60 participates in many interactions between the system integrated by all chaperones and closely associated molecules (chaperoning system or CS) and the immune system (IS). These interactions occur constantly to maintain normal cell physiology but, occasionally, they are perturbed and become mediators of pathologic events that may lead to disease. This switch to pathology may be initiated by various factors, genetic or acquired, which cause qualitative and/or quantitative modifications of HSP60, or immune crossreactivity between the human and microbial chaperonin orthologs, or a break in the balance between the pro- and anti-inflammatory actions of the chaperonin. Thus, autoimmune and ch…
Subcutaneous injection of exosomes reduces symptom severity and mortality induced by Echinostoma caproni infection in BALB/c mice.
2016
Recent studies have shown the importance of exosomes in the host-parasite relationship. These vesicles are an important part of the excretory/secretory pathway for proteins with the potential to alter immune responses. Therefore, in the present study, we examined the immunomodulatory role of exosomes in BALB/c mice using Echinostoma caproni as an experimental model of intestinal helminth infection. For this purpose, BALB/c mice were injected twice s.c. with purified exosomes of E. caproni, followed by experimental infection. We report a delay in the development of the parasite in mice immunised with exosomes, a concomitant reduced symptom severity and increased survival upon infection. Immu…
Innate immune response to tick-borne pathogens: Cellular and molecular mechanisms induced in the hosts
2020
This article belongs to the Special Issue Inflammasome.
The Impact of Small Extracellular Vesicles on Lymphoblast Trafficking across the Blood-Cerebrospinal Fluid Barrier In Vitro.
2020
Central nervous System (CNS) disease in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a major concern, but still, cellular mechanisms of CNS infiltration are elusive. The choroid plexus (CP) is a potential entry site, and, to some extent, invasion resembles CNS homing of lymphocytes during healthy state. Given exosomes may precondition target tissue, the present work aims to investigate if leukemia-derived exosomes contribute to a permissive phenotype of the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB). Leukemia-derived exosomes were isolated by ultracentrifugation from the cell lines SD-1, Nalm-6, and P12-Ichikawa (P12). Adhesion and uptake to CP epithelial cells and the significance on sub…