Search results for "toxin"
showing 10 items of 1434 documents
The Shwartzman reaction repealed
2007
The article, “ -Galactosylceramide induces protection against lipopolysaccharide-induced shock” (doi:10.1189/jlb.0506298), was selected as a Pivotal Advance because the results suggest that -galactosylceramide ( GalCer), a glycolipid isolated from marine sponges, can protect against the complete morbidity and mortality characterisitic of endotoxin shock by inducing NKT cells to produce TH2 cytokines.
Recent applications of carbonaceous nanosorbents for the analysis of mycotoxins in food by liquid chromatography: a short review
2019
Carbonaceous nanomaterials (multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), graphene, and graphene oxide (GO)) have attracted attention over the last decade as adsorbents suitable for the analysis of organic and inorganic pollutants. In the present paper we review methods of mycotoxin analysis that involve sample extraction with carbonaceous nanosorbents, reported from 2011 onwards. Recent studies have highlighted the advantages of magnetically modified MWCNTs and GO in mycotoxin analysis, which may enable sample isolation through magnetic separation, reduce the interaction of nanoparticles, and enhance the recovery of analytes. The papers covered in this review point to promising applications of …
Determination of mycotoxins in multicereal flour by matrix solid phase dispersion and LC–MS/MS
2010
Incidence of enterotoxigenic staphylococci and their toxins in foods
2002
Of 504 food samples collected from cafeterias, 19 (3.8%) yielded strains of enterotoxigenic staphylococci, and 10 (52.6%), 4 (21.1%), 3 (15.8%), and 2 (10.5%) of these strains produced enterotoxins C (SEC), D (SED), B (SEB), and A (SEA), respectively. Moreover, SEA, SEB, and SEC were isolated from three hamburger samples. Of 181 food samples collected from four restaurants before the implementation of the hazard analysis and critical control point (HACCP) system, 7 (3.9%) were found to contain enterotoxigenic strains, and SED, SEC, and SEA were produced by 4 (57.1%), 2 (28.6%), and 1 (14.3%) of these strains, respectively. One meatball sample with SEC was detected in a restaurant. After the…
Presence of mycotoxins in ready-to-eat food and subsequent risk assessment
2018
Abstract A study on a set of ready-to-eat meals (n = 328) based on cereals, legumes, vegetables, fish and meat was carried out to determine the natural presence of twenty-seven mycotoxins by both liquid chromatography and gas chromatography coupled mass spectrometry in tandem (MS/MS) after QuEChERS extraction. The occurrence of mycotoxins was headed by cereal samples with 35% of samples contaminated by at least one mycotoxin followed by vegetables (32%), legumes (15%) and lastly, 9% of fish and meat samples were contaminated. DON was the most detected mycotoxin in vegetables, meat, fish and cereals with an incidence of 13% 18% 19% and 60%, respectively, and the highest mean levels were foun…
Co-occurrence and risk assessment of mycotoxins in food and diet from Mediterranean area.
2012
The contents of 14 mycotoxins were studied in samples of different cereals and cereal products from four countries of the Mediterranean region. Two hundred and sixty-five samples from Spain, Italy, Morocco and Tunisia were analysed. Samples were extracted with matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD) and determined by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry with a triple quadrupole mass analyser. The percentage of total samples contaminated was 53%. The frequency of contaminated samples from Spain, Italy, Tunisia and Morocco was 33%, 52%, 96% and 50%, respectively. Nivalenol and beauvericin were the most predominant mycotoxins. This is the first international report to study the presence…
Toxic cyanobacterial blooms in reservoirs under a semiarid Mediterranean climate: the magnification of a problem
2007
Sicilian reservoirs constitute the most important water resources available on the island. During summer 2001, the intense water utilization of Lake Arancio reservoir reduced the water level significantly. This coincided with the formation of intense blooms formed by the microcystin-producing cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa. During summer 2003, Lake Arancio was continuously filled and the vertical stratification of the water column was maintained, resulting in 5-6 fold lower cell numbers of Microcystis aeruginosa. For both years a significant linear relationship between microcystin net production and Microcysytis cell division was observed, implying that Microcystis cell numbers can b…
Characterisation of K<sup>&plus;</sup> Currents in the C8-B4 Microglial Cell Line and their Regulation by Microglia Activating Stimuli
2009
Microglia are the intrinsic immune cells of the brain. As such, they are crucially involved in neuro-protection as well as neuro-degeneration. Their activation leads to the induction of cytokine and chemokine release, the production of reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide and an increased outward potassium conductance. In this study, we focus our interest on potassium currents and channels in the C8-B4 murine microglial cell line and compare them with those of primary cultured microglia from neo-natal mice. Using the whole cell patch-clamp technique, we have recorded prominent inward and outward rectifying voltage-dependent potassium currents but no calcium-activated potassium currents.…
Two cases of adynamia episodica hereditaria: In vitro investigation of muscle cell membrane and contraction parameters
1983
Membrane potentials, current-voltage relationships, and contractile parameters were studied in intact muscle cell bundles obtained from two patients with adynamia episodica hereditaria. In a normal extracellular medium, the cell membranes had resting potentials of about -80 mV and their current-voltage relationships were not significantly different from control curves. In contrast to normal muscles the afflicted cells were paralyzed in a medium having 6-10 mmol/liter potassium. The mechanisms of paralysis in the two specimens were different from each other. Many fibers from one patient were spontaneously active even in normal solution. In high potassium solution spontaneous activity was inc…