Search results for "traffic"

Viability of new road infrastructure with heterogeneous users

2011

This paper explores the importance of heterogeneity in value of time and route choice when assessing the viability of new road infrastructure to alleviate congestion problems. The model incorporates strategic interaction between road operators in a cost-benefit framework and several competitive regimes are considered. It is then employed to establish the financial and socio-economic viability of a congestion pricing demonstration entering Madrid city centre, where road users have to choose between a free but highly congested road and a priced free-flowing road (semi-private regime). A logit estimation is undertaken with information from a questionnaire among road users in the Eastern Madrid…

La lotta alla tratta di persone tra diritto interno e sovranazionale: repressione penale, prevenzione e meccanismi di protezione delle vittime.

Migrazioni forzate e diritti disattesi. Lo sguardo di genere sui bisogni di frontiera

2021

La definizione di “tratta di esseri umani”, adottata dal Protocollo delle Nazioni Unite, descrive gli elementi che identificano un fenomeno rilevato su scala mondiale che occupa i primissimi posti delle classifiche relative ai crimini internazionali per la diffusione e la numerosità di casi. Esso prevede l’induzione forzata a varie forme di sfruttamento e, fra queste, un posto di rilievo occupa quello relativo allo sfruttamento a scopo prostitutivo. Malgrado accordi europei e leggi nazionali convergano sul piano giuridico, allo stato attuale, la condizione di “vittima di tratta” fatica ad essere riconosciuta come tale da un sistema di protezione e accoglienza che in Europa evidenzia procedu…

Optimal Transit Network Design

2019

In this chapter, the optimal transit network design is under investigation. A special kind of transport is assumed to be given the best traffic conditions in a road network (the smallest amount of travel time between origins and destinations). Optimality criteria for transit network design in case of selfish routing are defined in the first section. The Sect. 7.2 is devoted to the estimation of selfish traffic assignment in a network with a transit subnetwork. Optimality criteria for transit network design in case of competitive drivers’ groups routing are defined in the Sect. 7.3. The Sect. 7.4 is devoted to traffic assignment in case of competitive drivers’ groups routing in a network wit…

Acceptance of truck platooning by professional drivers on German highways. A mixed methods approach.

2020

Abstract Truck platoon driving is a current branch of automated driving, which has the potential to radically change the work routine of professional drivers. In a platoon system, one truck (semi-)automatically follows a lead truck with a reduced distance, which produces significant savings in fuel and enables better traffic flow. In a current application of truck platoon driving, the following vehicle operates at level-2 automation. Thus, the driver of the following truck merely has to supervise the semi-automated system, which takes over steering and speed control when engaged. Level-2 truck platoon driving had not been tested with professional drivers in real traffic before. We hypothesi…

Increase in rear-end collision risk by acute stress-induced fatigue in on-road truck driving.

2021

Increasing road crashes related to occupational drivers’ deteriorating health has become a social problem. To prevent road crashes, warnings and predictions of increased crash risk based on drivers’ conditions are important. However, in on-road driving, the relationship between drivers’ physiological condition and crash risk remains unclear due to difficulties in the simultaneous measurement of both. This study aimed to elucidate the relationship between drivers’ physiological condition assessed by autonomic nerve function (ANF) and an indicator of rear-end collision risk in on-road driving. Data from 20 male truck drivers (mean ± SD, 49.0±8.2 years; range, 35–63 years) were analyzed. Over …

Truck Platooning Under Real Traffic Conditions: First Insights on Behavioral Adaptations and Gap Preference of Professional Drivers.

2020

Objective The aim of the study was to investigate (1) how different gap sizes are perceived by professional truck drivers under real traffic conditions and (2) whether semi-automated platoon driving leads to changes in driving behavior of subsequent manual driving. Background Platoon driving is a current branch in the development of automated driving in which two or more vehicles build a convoy. The lead vehicle is controlled manually while following vehicles are electronically coupled to it and drive semi-automated with small gaps in order to achieve a better traffic flow and potential fuel savings. Method In a real road experiment, 10 trained professional truck drivers completed a total o…

The Constraints of Vehicle Range and Congestion for the Use of Electric Vehicles for Urban Freight in France

2015

The 9th International Conference on City Logistics, Tenerife, Espagne, 17-/06/2015 - 19/06/2015; Electric vehicle is a solution to reduce pollutant emissions from road urban freight. This paper assesses the potential CO2 reduction by transferring urban freight from diesel to electric vehicles while simultaneously looking at the two main technical constraints: electric vehicle range and the impact on congestion linked to change diesel heavy duty vehicles (with a load up to 25 tons) to much smaller electric vehicles. The data used has been computed from a survey (ECHO) that describes in details a very large sample of French shipments. Two scenarios were set up, which differ mainly by the type…

Smart vs conventional motorways: environmental impact assessment under realistic traffic conditions

2020

Abstract This research aims at assessing the environmental impacts exerted by a smart motorway compared to those of a traditional motorway. The study has global policy implications: it takes into account the impacts due to the construction and maintenance of the infrastructure and the environmental effects produced by the traffic emissions, taking into account smart technologies and truck platooning regulation. Through a classical LCA approach, 1 km-long smart motorway with 2 m-high embankment was assumed as the functional unit for the analysis. A realistic traffic condition has been considered. A comparison between environmental effects produced by the use of virgin material and by Reclaim…

Accumulation of sleep loss among shift-working truck drivers.

2021

Sleep loss is known to contribute to road traffic accidents. Professional drivers are vulnerable to curtailment of sleep due to long driving bouts and shift work. To fill in the gap in the literature related to the buildup of sleep loss in irregular shift systems, we recorded the sleep and working hours of 47 shift-working long-haul truck drivers during a two-week period. Sleep (time in bed) was verified by actigraphy and sleep logs. Sleepiness was measured using the Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS). Individual sleep need was based on self-assessments. We examined the accumulated sleep versus self-reported sleep need across the study period, using midnights as points of observation, and th…