Search results for "trafficking"
showing 10 items of 103 documents
Public Discourse on Human Trafficking in International Issue Arenas
2015
Abstract. The purpose of this study is to better understand how the complex problem of human trafficking is addressed in international debates. How the discussion about human trafficking develops and how it is debated ultimately influences how the decision-making process unfolds. In order to understand the formation of public policy and laws, therefore, it is important to study the debate that occurs prior to decision making. This analysis focuses on the narratives used by major, well-established human rights and political actors that argue for necessary actions to be undertaken — such as the formation of new policies and laws in the European Union — as an attempt to protect citizens of the…
2018
Tetraspanins (Tspans) are a family of four-span transmembrane proteins, known as plasma membrane “master organizers.” They form Tspan-enriched microdomains (TEMs or TERMs) through lateral association with one another and other membrane proteins. If multiple microdomains associate with each other, larger platforms can form. For infection, viruses interact with multiple cell surface components, including receptors, activating proteases, and signaling molecules. It appears that Tspans, such as CD151, CD82, CD81, CD63, CD9, Tspan9, and Tspan7, coordinate these associations by concentrating the interacting partners into Tspan platforms. In addition to mediating viral attachment and entry, these …
A point mutation in the Ncr1 signal peptide impairs the development of innate lymphoid cell subsets.
2018
International audience; NKp46 (CD335) is a surface receptor shared by both human and mouse natural killer (NK) cells and innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) that transduces activating signals necessary to eliminate virus-infected cells and tumors. Here, we describe a spontaneous point mutation of cysteine to arginine (C14R) in the signal peptide of the NKp46 protein in congenic Ly5.1 mice and the newly generated NCR(B6C14R) strain. Ly5.1(C14R) NK cells expressed similar levels of Ncr1 mRNA as C57BL/6, but showed impaired surface NKp46 and reduced ability to control melanoma tumors in vivo. Expression of the mutant NKp46(C14R) in 293T cells showed that NKp46 protein trafficking to the cell surface …
Protection and Victim’s Assistance
2020
Identification of a human trafficking victim is a herculean task, not only due to the complexity of the definition of human trafficking, but also due to the perception of victimhood and vulnerability. The last chapter of this book is written after the increase of the migration flows in Italy in the last years, where IOM declared that 80% of the Nigerian women arriving in Italy were potential human trafficking victims. In an era of a continuous overlap of categories, such as human trafficking victims, non-accompanied minors, refugees, and asylum seekers, legal frameworks can hinder the adequate protection of a human trafficking victim. This chapter profoundly analyses the hybrid category of …
Sexual Exploitation from Origin Countries to Destination Countries
2020
Human trafficking tends to follow a pattern of phases, such as recruitment, transfer, exploitation, protection, and sometimes re-trafficking. This chapter gives the opportunity for the reader to understand the influence of several factors within human trafficking at a geographical level, from the origin and transit country to the destination country, as well as at a cultural, social, and criminological level. All factors are considered according to victim nationality, in this case Romanian and Nigerian, including the vulnerable factors created by the criminal groups. In this chapter, the difference of citizenship between Nigerian women, who are third-country nationals, and Romanian women, w…
‘Which approach to Sex-Trafficking? Revisiting Feminist Debates on Sex-Trafficking in Europe
2011
By paying attention to the complexities of the issue of sex trafficking in Europe, the paper critically analyzes the feminist debate on sex trafficking, articulated from the «abolitionist» and «sex workers’ rights» perspectives. The article examines the limits of the current feminist interpretations of sex trafficking developed around the «victimhood» versus «agency» dichotomy in relation to prostitution, and explores other possible spaces for a feminist critique of sex trafficking in Europe.
Rapporti nazionali: Sezione III - Belgio
2019
SOMMARIO: 1. Introduzione. - 2. Il favoreggiamento dell’immigrazione clandestina: l’evoluzione legislativa - 2.1. La condotta illecita. - 2.2. Le forme di manifestazione del reato. - 2.3. La responsabilità delle persone giuridiche. – 2.4. Il trattamento sanzionatorio. – 2.5. L’esenzione dalla pena. – 3. La tratta di esseri umani: l’incriminazione autonoma. - 3.1. La condotta illecita. – 3.2. Le forme di manifestazione del reato. – 3.3. La responsabilità delle persone giuridiche. – 3.4. Il trattamento sanzionatorio. – 4. L’assistenza e la tutela delle vittime.
Rapporti nazionali: Sezione IV - Francia
2019
SOMMARIO: 1. Introduzione. - 2. Il favoreggiamento dell’immigrazione clandestina: l’evoluzione legislativa - 2.1. La condotta illecita. - 2.2. Le forme di manifestazione del reato. - 2.3. La responsabilità delle persone giuridiche. – 2.4. Il trattamento sanzionatorio. – 2.5. L’esenzione dalla pena per condotte collaborative. – 3. La tratta di esseri umani. - 3.1. La condotta illecita. – 3.2. Le forme di manifestazione del reato. – 3.3. La responsabilità delle persone giuridiche. – 3.4. Il trattamento sanzionatorio. – 3.5. L’esenzione dalla pena per condotte collaborative. – 3.6. L’assistenza e la tutela delle vittime.
Putative sorting signals involved in PIN1 trafficking
2013
Las auxinas son hormonas vegetales involucradas en muchos procesos fisiológicos, tales como el crecimiento y diferenciación celular, la maduración de los frutos, la floración o los tropismos. Su transporte a través de la planta es polar, jugando un papel esencial en la regulación del crecimiento y el desarrollo y contribuyendo al mantenimiento de la polaridad global de la planta. La polaridad en el flujo de auxinas es debida, al menos en parte, a la distribución polar de los transportadores de salida de auxina de la familia PIN. En Arabidopsis thaliana se han identificado 8 transportadores PIN diferentes. Todos ellos presentan una estructura similar, con un dominio citosólico central que se…
Il contrasto al traffico di esseri umani fra modelli normativi e risultati applicativi
2016
La lotta al traffico di esseri umani è ormai al centro dell’agenda politica globale. Eppure, esiste una forbice molto ampia tra le ambizioni dei modelli normativi finora elaborati e gli scarsi risultati pratici raggiunti: le condanne per tali reati, infatti, continuano ad essere poche in pressoché tutti gli ordinamenti. L’Autore, preliminarmente, esamina la più recente normativa internazionale ed europea in argomento, nonché le più importanti pronunce della Corte Edu circa il divieto di schiavitù previsto dall’art. 4 della Cedu. Nel tentativo di apportare un contributo all’individuazione delle ragioni di un tale deficit di risultati, e di proporre potenziali correttivi, sono poi evidenziati…