Search results for "world war II"
showing 10 items of 108 documents
Civil Society, Corruption and Ethnic Relations
2015
In 2007 the Estonian government began to relocate a highly contentious Soviet era war memorial from the centre of Tallinn to a nearby military cemetery. The ‘Bronze Soldier’ was erected in 1947 to honour the memory of the fallen Soviet soldiers who had fought in the battles that liberated Tallinn from German forces during the Second World War. At that time it was known as the ‘Monument to the Liberators of Tallinn’. An eternal flame was added in 1964. Following independence, Estonian authorities rededicated it to all soldiers who had died during the war and dismantled the eternal flame in an attempt to depoliticise the memorial. For ethnic Estonians, however, it remained an acrimonious symb…
Zanim został ministrem: o kontaktach Ryszarda Zakrzewskiego z wywiadem PRL
2017
After the Second World War Ryszard Zakrzewski (1913–1994) was a well-known exile political and social activist in Great Britain. In the late 1940s he became one of the leaders of the Polish Socialist Party in emigration. He was also active in the Polish Ex-Combatants’ Association and the Federation of Poles in Great Britain. In 1956, the intelligence of the Polish People’s Republic got interested in his person. Over the next few years Zakrzewski maintained contacts with intelligence officers, employed as diplomats at the Polish Embassy in London. Despite the fact that he was not formally recruited, he provided information about activities of certain political groups on emigration, especiall…
The European Union in a Changing World Order: What Is at Stake?
2019
This introductory chapter aims to shed light on how tightly the EU and the liberal international order are entwined and discuss the likely impact on the EU of a changing and, most likely, less liberal world order. The chapter discusses the concept of order in international politics and analyses how the liberal order that emerged after WWII has effected the development of the EU. The chapter introduces the book’s interdisciplinary, holistic approach, and discusses how a changing world order is affecting the EU and how the EU, in turn, is trying to shape the emerging new order by recalibrating its policies and actions in various domains, ranging from its relations with the rest of the world, …
Portugal’s Estado Novo Regime and Apartheid South Africa: two dictatorships and their diplomatic exchanges
2019
This paper intends to analyze the foreign policies and diplomatic exchanges of Portugal’s Estado Novo Regime and Apartheid South Africa. In order to fully research these subjects, a search was made in the Portuguese National Records (Torre do Tombo) and the Portuguese Ministry of Foreign Affairs. After a careful selection of the most important documents that served the purposes of this study, we performed a literature review of the subjects at hand, mainly in (Portuguese) history and international relations. The most important reasons for the proximity of these two foreign policies after World War II are extensively debated, whether militarily, economically and politically. The time-span of…
"Jest typem dość sympatycznym". Józef Retinger i wywiad cywilny PRL
2020
Józef Retinger is one of the most colourful, and at the same time puzzling, figures in the recent history of Poland. During the Second World War, he was a political advisor and grey eminence to the head of the Polish government, General Władysław Sikorski, and after the war he remained in exile. He was very active in promoting European unity. He founded the politically influential Bilderberg Group. He was suspected of being a British intelligence agent. He was also accused of working for the secret services of several other states, and of being a freemason. In the second half of the 1950s, the ntelligence service of the PRL took an interest in Retinger. This is a little-known episode in Ret…
Germany, Russia and the polish cause in Jędrzej Giertych's Articles in the Parisian monthly "Horyzonty" (1956–1971)
2018
The liberalisation of the communist system in the mid-1950s, disillusionment with the policy of the West, fears connected with West German revisionism, and dwindling chances of change in the situation of Central and Eastern Europe contributed to diverse attitudes among Polish emigrants. Some of them, notably among the nationalists, voiced the need to seek compromise with Russia. This led to the emergence of a pro-Russian faction alongside the still dominant pro-Western one. The thesis of the need for an alliance with Russia was propagated by Jędrzej Giertych in his writing in the Paris-based monthly Horyzonty. This ideologically committed opponent of communism and staunch Catholic was at th…
O ks. Antonim Korczoku (1891–1941) w 80. rocznicę jego męczeńskiej śmierci (nowe ustalenia)
2022
Z okazji mijającej w ubiegłym roku 80. rocznicy męczeńskiej śmierci ks. Antoniego Korczoka (5 lutego 1941 r.), jaką poniósł za wiarę w obozie koncentracyjnym w Dachau, zarówno w Gliwicach, jak i na terenie diecezji gliwickiej, przeżywano „Rok ks. Antoniego Korczoka”. W czasie organizowanych spotkań, w tym konferencji międzynarodowej (2 października 2021 r.), raz jeszcze przypomniano historię jego świątobliwego życia i okoliczności męczeńskiej śmierci. Przy okazji lokalni historycy ponownie przyjrzeli się osobie przedwojennego proboszcza z Gliwic-Sośnicy, próbując rozwiązać zawiłości związane z historią jego życia. W taki sposób, dzięki przeprowadzonej kwerendzie archiwalnej i na podstawie w…
Public engagements with Lapland’s Dark Heritage: Community archaeology in Finnish Lapland
2018
Research project Lapland’s Dark Heritage organized a one-week public excavation in Inari, Finnish Lapland, at a Second World War (WWII) German military hospital site in August 2016. #InariDig took place with the help of international experts and pre-registered volunteers. In this field report, two of the archaeologists leading the excavations and an ethnographer who took part in documenting this community archaeology experiment introduce the excavation sites and activities reflecting on the engagements with volunteers and local community. peerReviewed
Work careers in adults separated temporarily from their parents in childhood during World War II.
2019
Introduction: Traumatic experiences, such as separation from parents in childhood causing early life stress (ELS) may increase the risk of adverse long-term health outcomes and biological age-related changes. This may have an impact on work career. Our aim was to examine long term consequences of ELS due to temporary separation from parents during World War II (WWII) in relation to work career. - Material and methods: The Helsinki Birth Cohort Study comprises 13,345 individuals born in Helsinki, Finland, between the years 1934–1944. From the original cohort, 1781 individuals were identified as being separated temporarily from their parents due to World War II. Information on date and type o…
Early Life Stress and Physical and Psychosocial Functioning in Late Adulthood
2013
Background. Severe stress experienced in early life may have long-term effects on adult physiological and psychological health and well-being. We studied physical and psychosocial functioning in late adulthood in subjects separated temporarily from their parents in childhood during World War II. Methods. The 1803 participants belong to the Helsinki Birth Cohort Study, born 1934–44. Of them, 267 (14.8%) had been evacuated abroad in childhood during WWII and the remaining subjects served as controls. Physical and psychosocial functioning was assessed with the Short Form 36 scale (SF-36) between 2001 and 2004. A test for trends was based on linear regression. All analyses were adjusted for age…