Hepatic Hilar and Sectorial Vascular and Biliary Anatomy in Right Graft Adult Live Liver Donor Transplantation

2008

Abstract Introduction The aim of this study was to analyze vascular and biliary variants at the hilar and sectorial level in right graft adult living donor liver transplantation. Methods From January 2003 to June 2007, 139 consecutive live liver donors underwent three-dimensional computed tomography (3-D CT) reconstructions and virtual 3-D liver partitioning. We evaluated the portal (PV), arterial (HA), and biliary (BD) anatomy. Results The hilar and sectorial biliary/vascular anatomy was predominantly normal (70%–85% and 67%–78%, respectively). BD and HA showed an equal incidence (30%) of hilar anomalies. BD and PV had a nearly identical incidence of sectorial abnormalities (64.7% and 66.2…

Orthotopic Liver Transplantation: T-Tube or Not T-Tube? Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Results

2009

Background The purpose of this study was to compare outcomes after duct-to-duct anastomoses with or without biliary T-tube in orthotopic liver transplantation. Methods We pooled the outcomes of 1027 patients undergoing choledocho-choledochostomy with or without T-tube in 9 of 46 screened trials by means of fixed or random effects models. Results The "without T-tube" and "with T-tube" groups had equivalent outcomes for: anastomotic bile leaks or fistulas, choledocho-jejunostomy revisions, dilatation and stenting, hepatic artery thromboses, retransplantation, and mortality due to biliary complications. The "without T-tube" group had better outcomes when considering "fewer episodes of cholangi…

Intrahepatic biliary anatomy derived from right graft adult live donor liver transplantation

2008

Abstract Objective The successful management of the bile duct in right graft adult live donor liver transplantation requires knowledge of both its central (hilar) and distal (sectorial) anatomy. The purpose of this study was to provide a systematic classification of its branching patterns to enhance clinical decision-making. Patients and Methods We analyzed three-dimensional computed tomography (3-D CT) imaging reconstructions of 139 potential live liver donors evaluated at our institution between January 2003 and June 2007. Results Fifty-four (n = 54 or 38.8%) donor candidates had a normal (classic) hilar and sectorial right bile duct anatomy (type I). Seventy-eight (n = 78 or 56.1%) cases…

A New Systematic Classification of Peripheral Anatomy of the Right Hepatic Duct: Experience From Adult Live Liver Donor Transplantation

2008

Abstract Objective The peripheral intrahepatic biliary anatomy, especially at the sectorial level on the right side, has not been adequately described. The purpose of our study was to systematically describe this complex anatomy in clinically applicable fashion. Patients and Methods We analyzed three-dimensional computed tomography (CT) imaging reconstructions of 139 potential living liver donors evaluated at our institution between January 2003 and June 2007. Results Eighty-nine (64%) donors had a normal right bile duct sectorial anatomy. In the other 50/139 (36%) cases, we observed abnormal sectorial branching patterns, with 45/50 abnormalities as trifurcations, whereas the remaining ones…

Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: Limitations for resectability, current surgical concepts and future perspectives.

2020

Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (iCCA) is the second most common hepatic malignancy and its incidence has been shown to increase significantly during the past decades. Complete surgical resection is currently acknowledged as the only curative treatment option able to provide adequate long-term outcomes. We herein review technical, functional and oncologic limitations for resectability, discuss current surgical aspects as well as highlight the fields in which future research and practice should focus on in order to ameliorate long-term outcomes in patients with iCCA.

Living Donor Liver Transplantation for Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Patients Exceeding the UCSF Criteria

2008

Abstract Background Living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) represents an alternative to expand the organ pool for adult patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and end-stage liver disease. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate our institutional experience using criteria exceeding those of the University of California San Francisco (UCSF). Patients and Methods Between September 1998 and December 2006, 22 LDLTs were performed for HCC among patients exceeding the UCSF criteria. Results There were 17 men and 5 women of median age 55 years. Multifocal tumors were present in 19 of 22 patients. Tumor grading was: grade I (n = 8), grade II (n = 10), and grade III (n = 4). Microvascul…

Anatomical Classification of the Peripheral Right Hepatic Duct: Early Identification of a Preventable Source of Morbidity and Mortality in Adult Live…

2008

Abstract Introduction The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of our classification on right graft adult live donor liver transplantation (ALDLT) outcomes. Methods Three-dimensional computed tomography (CT) reconstructions were used to classify the hilar and sectorial biliary anatomy of 71 consecutive live liver donors. Four possible clinical types were defined, based on the normal (N) or abnormal (A) features of the corresponding hilar/sectorial ducts: type I, N/N; type II, N/A; type III, A/N; and type IV, A/A. We subsequently performed an analysis of the operative outcomes based on the donor anatomy. Results Type I was encountered in 47.9% of cases, type II in 29.6%, type II…

“Anatomical” versus “Territorial” Belonging of the Middle Hepatic Vein: Virtual Imaging and Clinical Repercussions

2011

Background Venous drainage patterns are of vital importance in live donor liver transplantation. The purpose of this study was to delineate “anatomical-topographical” and “territorial-physiologic” patterns of the middle hepatic vein (MHV) in a 3-D liver model as determined by the Pringle line and its drainage volume of the right and left hemilivers. Methods One hundred thirty-seven consecutive live donor candidates were evaluated by 3-D CT reconstructions and virtual hepatectomies. Based on right (R) and left (L), anatomical (A) and territorial (T) belonging patterns of the MHV, each individual was assigned to one of four possible types: type I:AR–TR; type II:AL–TL; type III:AR–TL; type IV:…

Long-Term Results After Liver Transplantation With “Livers That Nobody Wants” Within Eurotransplant: A Center's Experience

2008

Abstract Background Orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) represents the only curative treatment for end-stage liver disease, but its application is limited because of organ shortages. The purpose of this study was to review the long-term outcomes after OLT during a 2-year period of 45 rescue offers organs within Eurotransplant. Patients and Methods Forty-five deceased donor liver allografts had been officially offered to and rejected by other transplantation centers 162 times prior to our acceptance. Data analysis addressed recurrence of primary disease, ischemic-type biliary lesions (ITBL), re-evaluation or relisting for OLT, re-OLT, as well as overall patient and graft survivals. Result…

Milan criteria, up-to-seven criteria, and the illusion of a rescue package for patients with liver cancer

2009

Liver transplantation with grafts from septuagenarians.

2008

Abstract Background The purpose of this study was to evaluate our experience with orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) using grafts from septuagenarians. Patients and Methods Seventeen adult patients underwent transplantation with grafts from donors 70 years of age or older during an 8-year period. Results The median donor age was 73 years (range, 70–83). Eleven (64.7%) donors had experienced at least 1 hypotensive period and received vasoactive drugs. Median cold and warm ischemia times were 7.25 hours and 35 minutes, respectively. Two recipients underwent retransplantation because of dysfunction or primary nonfunction. Morbidity rate was 47% and hospital mortality rate was 23.5%. After …

Liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma with intrahepatic lymphatic invasion: case reports.

2008

Multiple studies addressing liver transplantation (OLT) for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) have identified various prognostic determinants of tumor recurrence and decreased patient survival. However, little information is available on the impact of intrahepatic lymphatic invasion on tumor recurrence and survival after OLT for HCC. Intrahepatic lymphatic invasion was observed in 1.4% (n = 2) of liver explants with HCC in our series. Both recipients are alive without tumor recurrence at 16 and 39 months post-OLT, respectively. Intrahepatic lymphatic invasion may not be an absolute adverse prognostic factor in cases of HCC with no hilar lymph node involvement at the time of OLT.

Liver Transplantation for Hepatocellular Carcinoma After Yttrium Therapy: A Case Report

2008

Yttrium-90 microspheres constitute one of the most recent treatment options for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in the setting of cirrhosis. As such, their spectrum of indication is not yet fully established. Herein, we have reported the case of a patient with HCC beyond the listing criteria for liver transplantation (OLT) who was treated preoperatively with selective transarterial chemoembolization and yttrium-90 microspheres. He was subsequently transplanted with a liver from an 81-year-old donor allocated through Eurotransplant as a "rescue offer." The posttransplant course was uneventful. Pathologic examination revealed a multifocal, well-differentiated pT2 tumor with no vascular invasio…

Liver "Compliance": A previously unrecognized preoperative predictor of small-for-size syndrome in adult living donor liver transplantation

2008

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of liver compliance on computed tomography (CT) volumetry and to determine its association with postoperative small-for-size syndrome (SFSS).Unenhanced, arterial, and venous phase CT images of 83 consecutive living liver donors who underwent graft hepatectomy for adult-to-adult living donor liver transplantation (ALDLT) were prospectively subjected to three-dimensional (3-D) CT liver volume calculations and virtual 3-D liver partitioning. Graft volume estimates based on 3-D volumetry, which subtracted intrahepatic vascular volume from the "smallest" (native) unenhanced and the "largest" (venous) CT phases, were subsequently compared wi…

Donor/recipient algorithm for management of the middle hepatic vein in right graft live donor liver transplantation

2010

Abstract Background The aim of this study was to delineate an algorithm for donor and recipient criteria and middle hepatic vein (MHV) management in right-graft live-donor liver transplantation (LDLT) on the basis of computerized 3-dimensional computed tomographic image analysis. Methods Data on 94 consecutive right-graft LDLTs were prospectively collected. Graft and remnant data for the first 23 cases were retrospectively evaluated by means of 3-dimensional computed tomographic reconstructions, and on the basis of that preliminary series, a graft selection algorithm using 3 parameters—hepatic vein dominance classification, graft and remnant graft volume/body weight ratios, and congestion v…

Liver transplantation for hepatic metastases of neuroendocrine pancreatic tumors: a survival-based analysis.

2011

Background. Liver transplantation (LT) has been accepted as a treatment in selected cases of neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) with hepatic metastases. Patients and Methods. A systematic review of the literature was conducted to evaluate long-term patient survival in the instances of LT for pancreatic NET. Univariate and multivariate regression analyses and survival analysis were performed. Results. Fifty-three clinical studies were screened. Data from 20 studies encompassing 89 transplanted patients were included in the study. Most primary tumors were endocrine pancreatic tumors (n = 69), with gastrinomas representing the most frequent diagnosis (n = 21). There were 61 functioning pancreatic NE…

Five-Year Survival After Monotherapy for Hepatocellular Carcinoma in the Setting of Cirrhosis

2008

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the long-term results with monotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in the setting of cirrhosis. We reviewed data of 14 patients who survived for at least 5 years after performance of liver resection (n = 1), transarterial chemoembolization (TACE, n = 3), or liver transplantation (OLT, n = 19). Eight patients were within the Milan criteria, whereas the remaining 6 were beyond the criteria. Tumor stages according to the UICC were I (n = 8), II (n = 5), and IIIA (n = 1). Vascular invasion was not detected in any patient. The HCCs recurred in 2 patients, at 81 and 48 months' posttransplant. Sites of recurrence were the intrathoracic lymph nodes i…

Incidence of liver retransplantation and its effect on patient survival.

2008

Purpose. The purpose of this study was to review our institutional experience with re-liver transplantation (OLT) after split and full-size OLT. Patients and methods. We evaluated data corresponding to retransplanted patients over an 8-year period who underwent deceased donor OLT at our institution. Variables analyzed included indications for primary OLT, and re-OLT, the type of graft used during the initial versus re-OLT, the time from initial to re-OLT, and patient survival after re-OLT. Results. Sixty-four of 697 first OLT (9.2%) required re-OLT. Forty-nine cases were among 637 (7.6%) full-size OLT, while 15 were among 60 (25%) split OLT (P <.001). Median time to re-OLT was 8 days (range…

Territorial belonging of the middle hepatic vein in living liver donor candidates evaluated by three-dimensional computed tomographic reconstruction …

2009

Abstract Background Postoperative venous congestion can lead to graft and remnant liver failure in living donor liver transplantation. This study was designed to delineate ‘territorial belonging’ of the middle hepatic vein (MHV) and to identify hepatic venous anatomy at high risk of outflow congestion. Methods MHV belonging patterns for right (RHL) and left (LHL) hemilivers were evaluated by three-dimensional computed tomographic reconstruction and virtual hepatectomy in 138 consecutive living liver donor candidates. Results The right hepatic vein (RHV) was dominant in 84·1 per cent and an accessory inferior hepatic vein (IHV) was present in 47·1 per cent of livers. Three MHV belonging type…

Clinical Challenges and Images in GI

2009

Comparison between Minimally Invasive Video-Assisted Thyroidectomy and Conventional Thyroidectomy: Is There Any Evidence-Based Information?

2008

The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that minimally invasive video-assisted thyroidectomy (MIVAT) affords comparable safety and efficacy as to the open conventional surgery in dealing with patients with small thyroid nodules.Randomized controlled trials comparing the MIVAT with open thyroidectomy were ascertained by methodical search using Medline, Embase, Pubmed, and The Cochrane Library. Primary meta-analysis outcomes were adverse events (laryngeal nerve palsy and hypoparathyroidism), and cosmesis and secondary outcomes were operative time, blood loss, and early and late postoperative pain.Operative time was significantly less with open thyroidectomy than with MIVAT, while MIV…

Metallothionein overexpression and its prognostic relevance in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma and extrahepatic hilar cholangiocarcinoma (Klatskin tu…

2009

Metallothionein is a group of small molecular weight cysteine-rich proteins with a broad variety of functions. Metallothionein has been shown to regulate apoptosis and proliferation. Overexpression of metallothionein frequently occurs in human tumors and is related to prognosis as well as therapy response. However, metallothionein expression and its clinical relevance in cholangiocarcinoma have not been investigated. The present study aimed to analyze metallothionein over-expression and its possible prognostic impact in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma and hilar extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (Klatskin tumors). We investigated the relationship of immunohistochemically demonstrated metalloth…

Clinical scoring systems for predicting outcome after surgery for colorectal liver metastases: towards a better multidisciplinary approach

2009

Eurotransplant special request for high-urgency status after liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma: a case report.

2008

Hepatic artery thrombosis after liver transplantation remains a major indication for retransplantation. We report the case of a 49-year-old man with a hepatocellular carcinoma in the setting of cirrhosis associated with chronic hepatitis B and C infections who underwent split liver transplantation. The patient experienced a complicated postoperative course, characterized by 2 relaparotomies for necrosis of segment IV, and a late hepatic artery thrombosis, first discovered on postoperative day 20. His subsequent course was characterized by relapsing cholangitis and liver abscesses requiring antibiotics and percutaneous drainage. Transient control of the septic complications allowed for the f…

Liver transplantation as a primary indication for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: a single-center experience.

2008

Abstract Background Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) is not a widely accepted indication for orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT). The present study describes our institutional experience with patients who underwent transplantation for ICC as well as those with ICC who underwent transplantation with the incorrect diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Patients and Methods Data corresponding to ICC patients were reviewed for the purposes of this study. Patients with hilar cholangiocarcinoma and incidentally found ICC after OLT for benign diseases were excluded from further consideration. Results Among the 10 patients, 6 underwent transplantation before 1996 and 4 after 2001. Tho…

Partial or complete mesohepatectomy combined with resection of the hilar bifurcation in cases of Klatskin tumors: a reasonable strategy?

2009

“Preemptive” Live Donor Liver Transplantation for Fibrolamellar Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Case Report

2008

Fibrolamellar (FL) hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a distinctive form of primary HCC that occurs principally in children and young adults. Although liver transplantation is not contraindicated for FL-HCC, noncirrhotic patients with large HCC tumors (including FL-HCCs) are not prioritized. Although hepatic resection is considered to be the primary treatment for FL-HCC, living donor liver transplantation is evolving into a potentially better alternative. Herein we have reported successful "preemptive" living donor liver transplantation for presumed recurrence of FL-HCC after an extended right hepatectomy with resection and synthetic graft replacement of the inferior vena cava.