Generalized feed-forward based method for wind energy prediction

Abstract Even though a number of new mathematical functions have been proposed for modeling wind speed probability density distributions, still the Weibull function continues to be the most commonly used model in the literature. Therefore, the parameters of this function are still widely used to obtain typical wind probability density distributions for finding the wind energy potential by researchers, engineers and designers. Once long-term average of Weibull function’s parameters are known, then the probability density distributions can easily be obtained. Artificial neural network (ANN) can be used as alternative to analytical approach as ANN offers advantages such as no required knowledg…

Review of detection, assessment and mitigation of security risk in smart grid

The integration of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) into the existing power grid has created new problems to the grid. The grid network has become more vulnerable to security threats and risk which is a corollary to the modern data network. Smart Grid has strict latency requirement for data communication and the violation of this latency is very costly. This paper assesses the threats and vulnerabilities associated with the Smart Grid network and reviews the methods to mitigate these security risks.

Optimized design of wide-area PSS for damping of inter-area oscillations

In this paper a genetic algorithm based wide area power system stabilizer (PSS) in a multi machine power system for damping of low frequency inter-area oscillations has been presented. The wide area PSS is composed of two stages, the input of one stage is a local signal and the input of other is a global signal. Geometric measure of controllability and observability is used to select the most effective stabilizing signals and location of controller. Tie line active power flow deviation is found to be the most effective input signal. Time domain based objective function is minimized, in which the deviation in the oscillatory rotor speed of generator is involved so that the stability performa…

Voltage Rise Issues and Mitigation Techniques Due to High PV Penetration into the Distribution Network

Integration of photovoltaic systems (PV)into the low voltage (LV)grid is seen as a viable and globally accepted optionto meet the ever-increasing energy demands. However, the high PV penetration into the LV distribution grid has raised up many concerns for various stakeholders e.g. distribution company, industry partners, end users etc. The suddenchanges in the voltage level, is one of the main issues due to the reverse power flowfrom distributed energy sources to the grid, has significantly affected the behavior of the traditional LV grid. This paper has reviewed the impacts on voltage profile due to high PV penetration and different techniques used for mitigation these issues such as acti…

Performance Analysis of Single Cell Alkaline Electrolyser Using Mathematical Model

Abstract The generation of hydrogen using electrolysis process with integrated renewable energy sources is very important specially in environmental aspects. In this paper, we demonstrate that, the performance of electrolysis process which could be enhanced by decreasing the distance between electrodes while changing the properties of electrodes. At first, two single cell alkaline electrolysers are fabricated using an in-house 3D printer. Thereafter, the best performing cell is selected by considering its performance through different experiments. Finally, the performance of the selected cell is analysed by changing the distance between electrodes and changing the properties of electrodes. …

Priority Based Coordinated Electric Vehicle Charging System for Heterogeneous Traffic

Despite the environmental and health merits associated with Electric vehicles (EVs), a massive deployment of EVs tends to create new technical and economic challenges for power systems. This is being addressed with different coordinated charging schemes where the charging coordination is distributed across multiple EVs and/or aggregators based on different objectives. This work analyzes an algorithm which maximize the operational profit of a charging station with a high charging station utilization while adhering all the constraints enforced by the utility grid. And it is analyzed the performance of the coordinated charging scheme which facilitates heterogeneous EV users whose arrival is un…

Assessment of energy management technique for achieving the sustainable voltage level during grid outage of hydro generator interfaced DC Micro-Grid

Abstract An appropriate energy management scheme is needed for the reliable and sustainable operation of DC microgrid. The energy management scheme of DC microgrid (MG) is mainly controlled by main energy resource of MG. Main energy resource needs to be dispatchable unit for forming the reference voltage within DC MG. In this work, a micro hydro generator (MHG) is considered as a dispatchable source for forming the sustainable voltage level of DC MG operating under the abnormal condition. In this work, the abnormality refers to the outage of solar PV due to intermittency during fluctuating load condition. But, due to mechanical time constant of MHG and rate of charging/discharging current l…

Load management for voltage security using probabilistic fuzzy decision tree method

During contingency, load management is most important in planning, monitoring and controlling of power system. In transmission system, there is limit for controlling the reactive power in large size power network. In order to manage heavy loading on transmission, load management is necessary to avoid voltage collapse. This paper presents a methodology for load management considering voltage security assessment using probabilistic fuzzy decision tree (PFDT) technique. By using probabilistic fuzzy decision tree method, the load management is calculated in optimal manner in real time and insecure operating conditions are observed. With the help of this method, a real time load management plan …

Review of sustainable solar hydrogen production using photon fuel on artificial leaf

Abstract Energy conversion from the renewable energy sources with suitable energy storage plays a vital role in the sustainable development. Sustainable hydrogen production from the solar energy is well suited for energy storage applications because of inherent high mass energy density of hydrogen. This manuscript reviewing the techniques required for the sustainable solar hydrogen production using photon fuel on artificial leaf, i.e. solar cell. The designing and assembling of artificial solar leaf, which is the replica of natural leaf and capable of harnessing full solar spectrum, are deliberated. This technology for sustainable solar hydrogen production will overlay a viable way for more…

Minimizing uncertainties with improved power system stability using wide area fuzzy-2 logic based damping controller

In this paper, a centralized Wide Area Damping Controller (WADC) is synthesized based on Interval Type-2 Fuzzy Logic controller. The disturbance is symbolized as distributed in the network with application of momentarily disturbance to the generator in area 1 for few cycles. The response of tie-line active power flow from area-1 to area-2, rotor speed change, rotor mechanical angle deviation, positive sequence voltage are examined by considering the test system with conventional PSS (CPSS), fuzzy type-1 based controller and fuzzy type-2 based controller. The proposed controller performance is analyzed and compared with fuzzy type-1 based controller and CPSS. The simulation results are used …

Techno-economic optimum sizing of hybrid renewable energy system

Using off grid hybrid renewable energy systems for rural electrification has become an attractive solution for those areas, where grid electricity is not feasible or cost of the grid extension is relatively large. Hybrid system combines several energy systems together, therefore it can supply high reliable electricity rather than a PV/battery system or a wind/battery system. But the most important thing is that the system should be economically attractive. To achieve both of these features, each of the components in the hybrid system should be optimally sized. This requires a detailed techno-economic analysis of different possible hybrid system configurations. The objective of this study is…

Comparative evaluation of pulse width modulation techniques on effective DC link voltage utilization of grid connected inverter

In this paper, comparison between two different Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) techniques employed for three phase voltage source inverter (VSI) is discussed. The three phase voltage source inverter is basic topology used to supply a grid. In this paper we have design a LC filter between the inverter and the grid in order to stabilize the output voltage. The filter gives sinusoidal three phase voltage at the output of the inverter with almost zero/less harmonic distortion. A suitable PWM technique is employed to obtain the required output voltage in the line side of the inverter. The PWM generation techniques used mainly based on sinusoidal based Pulse Width Modulation (SPWM) and Space Vector…

Human energy interacting interface: Interface to transform environmental energy into human acquired energy

The human body acquires energy in many form to manage their activities. This energy enters into human body in the form of food, beverages or any other external source. Few of the vital nutrients are injected into human body via supplementary medicines, etc. Some of the required energy of human body is absorbed naturally from the environment (e.g. vitamin D through sunlight). Human body absorbs limited energy / nutrients from the environment due to lack of proper transformation of energy aspects of human body. Due to this there is requirement of an interface which can help in transforming the environmental energy for fulfilling some aspects of the human body energy requirements. To understan…

Performance assessment of institutional photovoltaic based energy system for operating as a micro-grid

Abstract A building integrated photovoltaic (PV) system with energy storage within an institution may need appropriate coordination among distributed energy sources (DERs). It is required to have an appropriate energy management strategy to improve system performance as well as to operate it as a micro-grid during the grid outage condition. In this paper, TERI’s (India) Retreat Facility’s energy system has been used, and its performance with a distributed generator has been assessed with operational strategies for fulfilling the institutional load demand in coordination with the PV, grid and battery storage; and with possibility of operating it as a micro-grid during the grid outage period …

Economic performance assessment of building integrated photovoltaic system with battery energy storage under grid constraints

Abstract In this work, a typical South Norwegian house with BIPV system is considered for potential application of on-site battery energy storage. Economic and technical operation performance analysis has revealed that such a system can perform techno-economically much better compared to its counterpart. Techno-economic performance of BIPV system with appropriate energy storage has been evaluated for grid power supply limits with appropriate energy tariff for minimizing the annualized energy cost. It has been assumed that the capital costs associated with PV has been included in the building mortgage and expected that in the near future, the grid power supply limits would be introduced and …

Editorial to the ‘Special Issue—Solar Photovoltaic System Engineering’ of AIMS Energy

GA-ANN for Short-Term Wind Energy Prediction

Wind turbine power output is totally intermittent in the nature. For grid connected wind turbine generators, power system operators (transmission system operators) need reliable and robust wind power forecasting system. Rapid changes in the wind generation relative to the load require proper energy management system to maintain the power system stability and of course to balance the power generation, frequency, voltage regulation within the statutory limits. Accurate wind energy forecasting helps the power system transmission system operators in anticipating rapid changes in wind turbine power output with respect to load and helps in making decision not only for optimum energy management bu…

Smart load prediction analysis for distributed power network of Holiday Cabins in Norwegian rural area

Abstract The Norwegian rural distributed power network is mainly designed for Holiday Cabins with limited electrical loading capacity. Load prediction analysis, within such type of network, is necessary for effective operation and to manage the increasing demand of new appliances (e. g. electric vehicles and heat pumps). In this paper, load prediction of a distributed power network (i.e. a typical Norwegian rural area power network of 125 cottages with 478 kW peak demand) is carried out using regression analysis techniques for establishing autocorrelations and correlations among weather parameters and occurrence time in the period of 2014–2018. In this study, the regression analysis for loa…

Performance Assessment of Building Integrated Photovoltaic and Battery Energy System: A Case Study of TERI-Retreat Facilty in India

Building integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) with energy storage can play an important role not only in demand side management but also in a micro-grid system in coordination with other distributed generators. The operational analysis of BIPV system and energy storage with contribution to local load profile is needed for its grid connected operation, as well as for integrating it in the micro-grid system. In this work, a typical institution has been selected, where the PV system and energy storage are operated for supplying local load in coordination with the grid. The institutional load profile has been analyzed with essential and non-essential loads for understanding the operation and contribu…

Techno-economic evaluation of PV based institutional smart micro-grid under energy pricing dynamics

Abstract The solar photovoltaic (PV) system with battery energy storage have a lot of potential to provide reliable and cost-effective electricity and to contribute in micro-grid operation. However, the operational performance of such type of micro-grid system depends on many factors (e.g. techno-economic sizing, energy management among the sources, market energy prices dynamics, energy dispatch strategies, etc.). In this paper, a typical Indian institutional energy system has considered for techno-economic performance evaluation for operating as a smart micro-grid under market energy pricing dynamics. The institutional energy system has integrated PV, battery storage and DG for operating a…

Charge measurement using an array of Faraday’s Cups on a printed circuit board

Abstract An absolute method of measuring charge is to use a Faraday Cup (FC) principle. This study relates to a novel method of measuring charge on a flat substrate, which is coated with charged powder particles. The substrate consists of an array of FC with different dimensions. The sensor is manufactured using flame-retardant printed circuit board (PCB) technology. The objective of this work is to reduce the charge sharing by developing a grounded shield cup around each conductive cup in the array and accordingly increase cup-to-ground capacitance. The results have confirmed that the improved well shielding would provide a more accurate quantitative charge measurement.

A discrete pulse group control-based series resonant inverter with complete ZCS-assisted inductors for consumer high frequency IH application

This paper presents a pulse density modulated (PDM) voltage source high frequency series load resonant soft switching inverter (SRI) for the HF induction heated fixing roller in the energy saving copy and printing machines. The proposed simple and high efficiency SRI based on PDM control operation can achieve complete zero current soft switching for wide output power regulation ranges. In this work, its transient and steady-state operating principle are described and analyzed on the basis of high frequency PDM. The operating performances as power conversion efficiency, power losses analysis and temperature rising characteristics of this SRI are demonstrated and discussed through experimenta…

Adaptive Energy Management Strategy for Optimal Power Flow Control of Hybrid DC Microgrid

In this work, an adaptive energy management strategy (AEMS) is proposed to achieve the optimal power flow control of off grid connected hybrid DC Microgrid (MG) against time varying source and load dynamics. The hybrid DC MG considered in this paper is operating with a solar PV array and mini hydro power plant (MHPP) as power dispatching sources. The intermittent input dynamics of solar PV system and time varying load power dynamics results in power fluctuations of hybrid DC MG. The MHPP cannot regulate these power fluctuations instantly due its operating dynamics. Therefore, AEMS has deployed a hybrid energy storage system (HESS) comprising battery and supercapacitor storage devices for co…

Charging management of grid integrated battery for overcoming the intermittency of RE sources

Grid integration of distributed generation (DG) systems with energy storage system can help not only in increasing the more penetration of DG systems into the network but it is also going to help in improving the power system dynamics, stability and control as well as helping in demand side management. In this work, a method for integrating an energy storage with the grid which can provide the prescribed active and reactive power to the grid is presented. The main objective is to ensure a high state of charge (SOC) of the battery with the innovative control system for taking part in power system control. Active and reactive power dispatching using a bi-directional DC-DC converters and a vol…

Performance evaluation of directly photovoltaic powered DC PM (direct current permanent magnet) motor – propeller thrust system

Photovoltaic (PV) powered directly coupled electro-mechanical system has wide applications (e.g. PV powered cooling fans in green houses, PV water pumping system, solar vehicles). The objective of this work is to analyse the operation of directly PV powered DC PM (direct current permanent magnet) motor – propeller system for selection of motor parameters. The performance of such system mainly depends on the incident solar radiation, operating cell temperature, DC motor and propeller load parameters. It is observed that the operating points of the PV DC PM motor – propeller system matches very closely with the maximum power points (MPPs) of the PV array, if the DC PM motor – propeller parame…

Comparing Recurrent Neural Networks using Principal Component Analysis for Electrical Load Predictions

Electrical demand forecasting is essential for power generation capacity planning and integrating environment-friendly energy sources. In addition, load predictions will help in developing demand-side management in coordination with renewable power generation. Meteorological conditions influence urban area load pattern; therefore, it is vital to include weather parameters for load predictions. Machine Learning algorithms can effectively be used for electrical load predictions considering impact of external parameters. This paper explores and compares the basic Recurrent Neural Networks (RNN); Simple Recurrent Neural Networks (Vanilla RNN), Gated Recurrent Units (GRU), and Long Short-Term Me…

Review of web-based information security threats in smart grid

The penetration of digital devices in Smart Grid has created a big security issue. OWASP is an online community of security professionals that identifies the most critical web application security risk in IT domain. Smart Grid also uses client-server based web-applications to collect and disseminate information. Therefore, Smart Grid network is analogous to IT network and similar kind of risk exists in the Smart Grid. This paper review the security risk in Smart Grid domain with reference to OWASP study. The Smart Grid security is more biased towards vulnerabilities associated with a machine to machine communication. Methodology to minimise the risk of attack is also discussed in this resea…

Relative evaluation of regression tools for urban area electrical energy demand forecasting

Abstract Load forecasting is the most fundamental application in Smart-Grid, which provides essential input to Demand Response, Topology Optimization and Abnormally Detection, facilitating the integration of intermittent clean energy sources. In this work, several regression tools are analyzed using larger datasets for urban area electrical load forecasting. The regression tools which are used are Random Forest Regressor, k-Nearest Neighbour Regressor and Linear Regressor. This work explores the use of regression tool for regional electric load forecasting by correlating lower distinctive categorical level (season, day of the week) and weather parameters. The regression analysis has been do…

Photovoltaic based active generator: Energy control system using stateflow analysis

At present, most of the grid connected photovoltaic (PV) systems are operating at maximum power points and injecting power in uncontrolled way. Thus, active generator will be a good solution to support instantaneous power balance, frequency control and maintaining the power quality with controllable power injection. This new mode of active generator needs innovative power management. The new proposed energy control system for active generator might help to manage the energy within the micro-grid environment. In this work, the focus is to manage the energy among the PV based active generator, load and interconnected grid and energy controller architecture for that purpose is presented. It co…

Analysis and Optimization Technique of Secure Smart Grid Communication Network for Sustainable Development

The smart network includes many sub-frameworks, for example, the Home Area Network (HAN), which are at risk and prone to be attacked remotely. A smart grid communication is meant to design a mutual authentication scheme and a key management protocol. This study is aimed with an efficient arrangement for HAN that analyzes a framework set-up for HAN. In this paper, we have analyzed three cases: First, we show the normal execution then execution along with attackers. Using mutual authentication, we overcome attacks. It has introduced a number of routing schemes for grid networks in recent years, and they provide different level of privacy protection at different cost. First, an unspecified key…

Battery Capacity Estimation for Building Integrated Photovoltaic System: Design Study for Different Geographical Location(s)

Abstract Building Integrated Photovoltaic system (BIPV) with energy storage (ES) can help in reducing the peak demand, improving the power quality and control dispatching of the power. Adding a proper size of battery ES to the grid-connected PV system could reduce the overall investment cost as well as reducing the grid-dependency. A typical battery energy storage capacity is going to be determined by considering the real-time operational (PV production as well as load consumption) data. In this study, real-time operational data of a residential load (C6 house) with BIPV system located Southern Norway as well as institutional load (Teri university) with BIPV located in New Delhi, India are …

Comparative Analysis of Different Types of Micro-grid Architectures and Controls

An innovative and smart micro-grid model is an essentialfor the integration of distributed energy resources into the electrical power distribution network. There are various types of micro-grid architectures that have been designed and implemented in the last few years. These micro-grid architectures have their key advantages and limitations. This paper has been prepared with the objective to identify and address, key challenges and solutions for integration of micro-grid into the distribution network. It reviewsdifferent micro-grid architectures and control strategies which can help to address various challenges i.e. voltage imbalance, power quality, demand side management, smooth islandin…

Solar photovoltaic‑based microgrid hosting capacity evaluation in electrical energy distribution network with voltage quality analysis

Abstract In this paper, solar photovoltaic hosting capacity within the electrical distribution network is estimated for different buses, and the impacts of high PV penetration are evaluated using power hardware-in-loop testing methods. It is observed that the considered operational constraints (i.e. voltage and loadings) and their operational limits have a significant impact on the hosting capacity results. However, with increasing photovoltaic penetration, some of the network buses reach maximum hosting capacity, which affects the network operation (e.g. bus voltages, line loading). The results show that even distributing the maximum hosting capacity among different buses can increase the…

Impact of operation condition on temperature distribution in single cell of polymer electrolyte fuel cell operated at higher temperature than usual

For improving performance of the stationary Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell (PEFC) system, the cell operating temperature up to 90°C will be preferred in Japan during the period from 2020 to 2030. To understand the operation of the PEFC system under relatively high temperature conditions, detail heat and mass transfer analysis is required. The main focus of this study is to analyze the PEFC performance under operational conditions, such as initial operational temperature of cell (Tini), relative humidity of supply gas, and the cathode gas type, temperature distribution in a cell of PEFC (using Nafion membrane) under relatively higher operating temperature conditions. The in-plane temperature …

Impact of increasing penetration of photovoltaic (PV) systems on distribution feeders

This paper investigates impact of increasing photovoltaic (PV) penetration on distribution feeders. The main focus of this work is on ‘how PV systems penetration can influence operation of the protective devices in the distribution feeder?’. PV systems' impact, in a distribution feeder, for 3Φ fault has been analyzed. It considers fault location and protective devices (PDs) settings (e.g. time of PDs operation before a fault gets cleared by it). This paper is also emphasizing on ‘how the penetration of PV can affect voltage quality / unbalance in the distribution feeder’. The considered distribution feeders are supplying residential network and therefore loading on different phases are goin…

Review of machine to machine communication in smart grid

Machine to machine communication (M2M) is a communication architecture that enables heterogeneous devices to interact with each other without human intervention. Smart Grid (SG) is one of the many applications areas in the M2M communication. Smart Grid demands advanced communication infrastructure for two-way communications between devices deployed at various locations in energy generation, transmission, distribution and consumption. The billions of electronic devices connected to the Smart Grid pose a big challenge to grid communication. Therefore, a feasible solution to efficient M2M has to overcome challenges of energy efficiency of connected devices, interoperability, coverage area, int…

A Review of Nanogrid Technologies for Forming Reliable Residential Grid

Nanogrid is a scale down version of Microgrid. Nanogrid (NG) forms the residential grid with the sources like solar PV, diesel generator, fuel cell and battery based energy storage as a backup for supporting autonomous operation of NG. This paper is focused on portraying the importance of NG for rural electrification of India. The source-load coordination in the NG will ensure the optimal power flow in the grid. This paper has reviewed two most important control techniques i.e. centralized and decentralized for ensuring source-load coordination in the NG. Interfacing converters are the important constituents of NG to dispatch the power from intermittent renewable energy sources to load. Dep…

Review of IEEE 802.22 and IEC 61850 for real-time communication in Smart Grid

Real time data communication in Smart Grid is a big challenge due to its vastness and complexities. Wireless Regional Area Network (WRAN) - IEEE 802.22 permits opportunistic use of television white space (TVWS) by secondary user, if it is not being utilized by primary user. This standard has the potential to transfer big data of smart grid in real time to control center. The IEC 61850 is the standard for electrical substation automation that uses TCP/IP for data transfer among different ‘intelligent electronic devices’ (IEDs). IEC 61850 consists of different message types which belong to different performance classes that are mapped to different communication protocols. The different perfor…

Leveraging Education Sector Using Cognitive Big Data for the Recruitment Process and Sustainable Development

Nowadays, we are not confined to traditional education. We are on the verge to make our education system more job oriented by providing various vocational trainings to our students. The various universities and higher education are facing the problem of inadequate placement. Even the job providers have to quell ample amount of time to judge the potential candidates. The right placement is a challenge for both the recruiters and the candidates. The cognitive science and big data can untangle the conundrum. The main goal of this paper proposal can be stated as: To display the appropriate job offer from the job provider, select the perfect profile for the job at the right place at the right ti…

Charge measurement of dust particles on photovoltaic module

Photovoltaic (PV) systems are one of the most promising renewable energy sources in the world, and hence it is important to explore the factors that affect the working / operational efficiency of this source. Many factors can affect the efficiency of the solar cells such as: dust accumulation on the surface of the arrays; cell material; shading; tilt angle of the cells; orientation of the PV modules and cell temperatures. This research is focused on the analyzing the effect of charged dust particles on the PV module performance. A number of studies have demonstrated the effect of dust accumulation on the PV modules' performance. But the relation between the amounts of charge of the dust par…

Comparative study of modelling the thermal efficiency of a novel straight through evacuated tube collector with MLR, SVR, BP and RBF methods

Abstract Data-based methods are useful for accurate modelling of solar thermal systems. In this work, several artificial neural network (ANN) techniques are proposed to predict the thermal performance of an all-glass straight through evacuated tube solar collector. These are compared to support vector regression analysis. Extensive experimental data sets were collected for training the ANN models. Solar radiation intensity, ambient temperature, wind speed, mass flow rate and collector inlet temperature were selected as the input layer to predict the thermal efficiency of the solar collector. The prediction precision of the ANN models was compared to the multiple linear regression and suppor…

Heat and mass transfer analysis in single cell of PEFC using different PEM and GDL at higher temperature

Abstract According to the H2 and fuel cell road map in Japan, the target operating temperature of polymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEFC) should be 90 °C from 2020 to 2025. In this study, the impact of polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) and gas diffusion layer (GDL)'s thickness on heat and mass transfer characteristics as well as power generation performance of PEFC is investigated at operating temperature of 90 °C. The in-plane temperature distributions on anode and cathode separator are also measured using thermograph. As a result, it is observed that the increase in power from 1 W to 5 W at the current density of 0.80 A/cm2 as well as even temperature distribution within 1 °C can be obtaine…

CFD modelling of flue gas particulates in a biomass fired stove with electrostatic precipitation

Abstract The biomass fired stoves have been used in medium and large scales applications from several years and are utilizing electrostatic precipitator technology. Biomass based technologies are considered as renewable energy source and less harmful to the environment. The combustion of biomass generates a high concentration of flue gas particulates. The most of the flue gas particulates in the exhaust gas can be filtered through an electrostatic precipitator. In this work, a computational fluid dynamic (CFD) model has been developed for analysing the trajectory of particulates in a small scale domestic stove using biomass material. It is considered that electrostatic precipitator is based…

Harmonic mitigation of a grid-connected photovoltaic system using shunt active filter

Conventional LC filters cannot compensate effectively harmonics due to non-linear loads in a grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) system. Thus, active power filters (APF) are introduced due to its characteristics and performances, for compensation of harmonics from non-linear loads in the grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) system. This work presents a three-phase voltage-fed shunt active power filter implementation to mitigate the harmonics in which the filter control system focuses on generating reference source current for compensating harmonic effects from non-linear loads. Furthermore, the developed model is verified with an experimental data from a nonlinear load.

Spectrum Hole Detection for Cognitive Radio through Energy Detection using Random Forest

The growth of wireless data is the major driving force for an exponential increase in wireless communication. Cognitive Radio is one of the emerging wireless technologies that can be used for smart utility networks. Optimum utilization of the wireless spectrum is the objective of Cognitive Radio. Finding a spectrum hole through intelligent means is essential for the success of Cognitive Radio. Dynamic spectrum allocation is also an efficient technique for spectrum allocation. It will lead to a better spectrum utilization. In this paper, some of the machine learning techniques are used to find a frequency range for dynamic spectrum allocation. Different machine learning techniques such as Lo…

Battery technologies for electric vehicles

This chapter gives a brief overview of the following types of vehicles: battery electric vehicle (BEV), plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV), and hybrid electric vehicle (HEV). It then provides a comprehensive summary of the electrochemical energy storage including Ni-MH battery, Li-ion battery, and advanced rechargeable battery. Battery chemistry is explained in a detailed manner including an abbreviated modelling approach. Also, the issues of battery-charging method, management, and monitoring are addressed. The chapter concludes with a discussion on battery cell voltage balancing and temperature monitoring in addition to the battery state-of-charge (SOC) estimation.

Fuzzy logic controller and game theory based distributed energy resources allocation

Energy management and demand control through conventional energy generation sources are challenging for energy providers. Distributed energy resources (DERs) allocation near load centers may provide a suitable solution. The main contribution of the paper improves the voltage profile and reduce the active and reactive power losses in the distribution network. DERs are integrated with IEEE 33 bus system using fuzzy logic controller (FLC) and game theory for two different cases with unity and 0.9 power factor (PF) and compares with conventional methods of integration (i.e., modified novel method, power loss sensitivity method, voltage sensitivity analysis method). The capacity of DERs is optim…

Impact of Separator Thickness on Temperature Distribution in Single Cell of Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell Operated at Higher Temperature of 90 °C and 100 °C

The New Energy and Industry Technology Development Organization (NEDO) road map (Japan, 2017) has proposed that a polymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEFC) system, which operates at a temperature of 90 °C and 100 °C, be applied for stationary and mobility usage, respectively. This study suggests using a thin polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) and a thin gas diffusion layer (GDL), at the same time, to achieve better power-generation performance, at a higher temperature than usual. The focus of this paper is to clarify the effect of separator thickness on the distribution of temperature at the reaction surface (Treact), with the relative humidity (RH) of the supply gasses and initial operation tem…

Integration of IEC 61850 MMS and IEEE 802.22 for Smart Grid Communication

The reliability of Smart Grid depends on two-way communication between substation and utility. IEC 61850 is an international standard defined to ensure interoperability between Substation Automation System (SAS). IEC 61850 services are mapped on the Manufacturing Message Specification (MMS) especially for meter data management system. MMS is the OSI protocol that run over TCP/IP or OSI networks to support IEC 61850 services. Presently, the MMS uses Ethernet as the layer 2 protocol. However, for long distance communication in remote areas wireless communication is the prefered mode. The Cognitive Radio based IEEE 802.22 is next generation standard for Wireless Regional Area Network (WRAN) th…

Hybrid Energy System for Rural Electrification in Sri Lanka: Design Study

Off-grid hybrid renewable energy based power system for rural electrification has become an attractive solution for areas where grid electricity is not feasible. Depending on the availability of the resources, single energy source or a combination of several sources, including an energy storage system is used in an off-grid hybrid energy system. As there can be several candidates, the optimum sizing of the components against resource potential, cost and reliability is a vital issue. This chapter presents a study of optimum sizing of a renewable sources based off-grid hybrid energy system that is designed for electrifying a rural community in the Siyambalanduwa area in Sri Lanka. The communi…

Impact analysis of MPL and PEM thickness on temperature distribution within PEFC operating at relatively higher temperature

Abstract In Japan, it is recommended to operate Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell (PEFC) at temperature around 90 °C for stationary applications during the period from 2020 to 2025. However, the present PEFC is using Nafion polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) and operated within the temperature range from 60 °C to 80 °C. It is important to understand the temperature distribution in a cell of PEFC for improving the performance and to realize the long life span. This study focuses on use of micro porous layer (MPL), which can promote the moisture transfer in order to control the temperature distribution. The aim of this study is to analyze the impact of MPL on temperature distribution at reaction …

Voltage stability of Small Hydro Generator Based DC Microgrid

Hydro energy is the vigorous form of renewable energy sources (RES) to generate electricity. It is considered to be an efficient source among the RES due to its abundant potential. Based on the scale at which the power has been generated, operating head, hydro generators are classified into large, small, micro, pico generators. In this paper, a hand in hand approach of inner and outer control loop strategy is proposed to accomplish the voltage stability of a small hydro generator based DC microgrid (MG). The DC MG considered in this paper is operating under the unusual condition where solar, wind and main grid are off due to irregularity. Moreover, the load is of varying nature. Outer contr…

Queue Based Dynamic Charging Resource Allocation and Coordination for Heterogeneous Traffic in an Electrical Vehicle Charging Station

Electric vehicle (EV) fast-charging stations (CSs) with innovative operation management strategies can help to meet the growing EV charging needs. Despite the short charging time associated with th...

Passive congregation based particle swam optimization (pso) with self-organizing hierarchical approach for non-convex economic dispatch

This paper proposes a passive congregation based PSO with self-organizing hierarchical algorithm approach for solving the economic dispatch problem of power system, where some of the units have prohibited operating zones. This Algorithm is known to perform better than conventional gradient based optimization methods for non-convex optimization problems. Conventional PSO algorithm is a population based heuristic search, employing problem of premature convergence. In this work, an innovative approach based on the concept of passive congregation based PSO with self-organizing hierarchical approach is employed to overcome the problem of premature convergence in classical PSO method.

Domestic load forecasting using neural network and its use for missing data analysis

Domestic demand prediction is very important for home energy management system and also for peak reduction in power system network. In this work, active and reactive power consumption prediction model is developed and analysed for a typical Southern Norwegian house for hourly power (active and reactive) consumptions and time information as inputs. In the proposed model, a neural network is adopted as a main technique and historical domestic load data of around 2 years are used as input. The available data has some measurement errors and missing segments. Before using the data for training purpose, missing and inaccurate data are considered and then it is used for testing the model. It is ob…

Decentralized on-site optimization of a battery storage system using one-way communication

Intermittent renewable energy sources (e.g. wind, solar energy systems) have been providing an exponentially growing share of electricity generation. Due to their highly transient and stochastic nature, they pose substantial challenges for power grid operation. Power dispatched from these sources are uncontrolled and do not necessarily coincide with demand; this in turn affects power quality. Hence, extensive demand side management (DSM) is required. DSM relies on flexible loads as well as energy storage facilities. Furthermore, renewable power generation is by its very nature highly distributed and consists of large numbers of small units. These have a substantial effect on traditional pow…

A stepwise power tariff model with game theory based on Monte-Carlo simulation and its applications for household, agricultural, commercial and industrial consumers

Abstract The concept of game theory has been adapted in the regulation of retail electricity market within the constraints of stepwise power tariff (SPT) for economic energy consumption. The objective is to increase the penetration level of renewable energy sources (RES) and electric vehicles with implementation of Bayesian game model for categorized (i.e. household, agricultural, commercial & industrial) consumers. Bayesian game model is based on degree of information shared by consumers due to their selfish nature. The main goal is to create an algorithm using constraints RES, storage through electric vehicles, electric wiring, number of consumer, efficient equipment, social status of fam…

Modelling of Compressors in an Industrial CO $$_2$$ -Based Operational Cooling System Using ANN for Energy Management Purposes

Large scale cooling installations usually have high energy consumption and fluctuating power demands. There are several ways to control energy consumption and power requirements through intelligent energy and power management, such as utilizing excess heat, thermal energy storage and local renewable energy sources. Intelligent energy and power management in an operational setting is only possible if the time-varying performance of the individual components of the energy system is known. This paper presents an approach to model the compressors in an industrial, operational two-stage cooling system, with CO\(_2\) as the working fluid, located in an advanced food distribution warehouse in Norw…

Parked Electric Vehicle’s Cabin Temperature Management Using Photovoltaic Powered Ventilation

Abstract This paper presents how the electric vehicle roof integrated photovoltaic (PV) powered ventilation can be used for controlling the climate of the car. In this work, a fully-functional Renault Zoe electric car has been used to conduct experiments for PV powered ventilation. These experiments have been part of a wider research project of testing electric vehicles of the Edinburgh Napier University’s Transport Research Institute. The present work illustrates performance evaluation of electric car ventilation, when roof-mounted PV modules were used to operate DC powered fans for ventilation. It was found that the motor-fan selection for removing the warm air from cabin space is of impo…

Impact of Building Layouts on Wind Turbine Power Output in the Built Environment: A Case Study of Tsu City

In city planning, it is important to consider the future growth of renewable energy systems in the built environment. Wind speed analysis in the built environment is very important for analysing the wind turbine performance installed in the built environment. In this work, building topologies / layouts in Tsu city are considered for investing the wind speed distributions and directions. Wind speed profile in the built environment are developed by using CFD-ACE+. This work focusses on the analysis of the wind speed directions and distribution characteristics for finding out the proper location of the wind turbines in the built environment. The wind speed profiles and their directions and win…

Battery capacity estimation for building-integrated photovoltaic system: Design study of a Southern Norway ZEB house

Building-integrated Photovoltaic system (BIPV) with energy storage (ES) can help in reducing the peak demand as well as overcoming the intermittency of the load and PV production. In Southern Norway, a Smart Village Skarpnes is developed for zero energy buildings (ZEBs). In this Smart Village, five houses are built with BIPV system. Its important to estimate the appropriate battery sizing with consideration of local PV production and load profile taking into account the battery characteristics with minimization of the annual electricity bill. In this study, real operational results of house (C6) from the Skarpnes Smart Village is used for estimating the capacity of battery energy storage fo…

Compliance of IEEE 802.22 WRAN for field area network in smart grid

Distributed power system network is going to be complex, and it will require high-speed, reliable and secure communication systems for managing intermittent generation with coordination of centralised power generation, including load control. Cognitive Radio (CR) is highly favourable for providing communications in Smart Grid by using spectrum resources opportunistically. The IEEE 802.22 Wireless Regional Area Network (WRAN) having the capabilities of CR use vacant channels opportunistically in the frequency range of 54 MHz to 862 MHz occupied by TV band. A comprehensive review of using IEEE 802.22 for Field Area Network in power system network using spectrum sensing (CR based communication…

Optimal signal selection of wide area damping controller considering time delay in multi-machine power system

This paper presents a validation of selection process for selecting the most effective stabilizing signal to improve damping of inter area oscillations in a multi-machine power system by different signal selection methods. This paper also deals with wide area damping controller scheme compensating time latency of feedback signal in order to damp low frequency inter area oscillations in large power system. Pade approximation to time delay is used with controller synthesis. Eigenvector based coherent machine identification method has been adapted in this research for coherent area identification in multi-machine power system. The selected control signal is tested on the 4 machine 11 bus syste…

Performance Degradation of Discrete PID Controller for Digital Excitation Control System Due to Variation of Sampling Time

Modern digital AVR are consisting PID controller in forward path ensures fast response in the event of disturbance. Digital keypad is used for setting PID gains to improve performance of the system. Digital PID controller reads the error signal at regular interval unlike analog controller that reads the error signal continuously. Regular interval at which digital processor reads error signal is called sampling time that has substantial effect on the performance of the controller and consequently affects the stability of the power system where synchronous generator using digital excitation system is connected in parallel. This paper addresses the issues of variation of sampling time on the p…

Integration of distributed energy systems in micro-grid architecture for making a virtual power plant

This paper presents a novel concept for increasing the penetration level of distributed renewable energy systems into the main electricity grid. When increasing the renewable energy penetration, it is important to implement the frequency based power delivery in distributed generators and work as traditional synchronous generators. This can be achieved by improving the power processing unit of each renewable generation units to work as active generators. But in existing grid architecture, the grid frequency is controlled as one common variable over the electricity grid. With such a method, it is difficult to use frequency based power sharing in small distributed generators and participate in…

Impact of accumulated dust particles' charge on the photovoltaic module performance

Abstract This work is focused on analysing effect of accumulated dust particles' charge on PV module performance. In the Dundee University's laboratory, dust particles have been created through epoxy powder and charged by using corona and tribo-electric charging methods by varying the charge levels of the accumulated dust particles. The PV module output has analysed for finding a relation between charge levels of the accumulated dust particles and its output voltage. Obtained experimental results have shown that charge level of accumulated dust particles on PV module's have significant impact on its output and dust particle accumulations are not associated with panel tilt angle.

Review on photovoltaic based active generator

An active generator has the capacity to support frequency control and instantaneous power balance. The grid operator adjusts the power dispatch of generators according to power demand fluctuations. Photovoltaic (PV) based active generators can be used as load following generators in the same manner as other power dispatch generators. This new type of distribution system, based on active generator(s), needs new innovative management and operation strategies for increasing the penetration of intermittent renewable energy systems. The considered PV based active generator has three units, i.e., PV array, battery storage and super capacitor. In this review paper, the management and operation app…

Proactive Handoff of Secondary User in Cognitive Radio Network Using Machine Learning Techniques

Spectrum management always appears as an essential part of modern communication systems. Handoff is initiated when the signal strength of a current user deteriorates below a certain threshold. In cognitive radio network, the perception of handoff is different due to the presence of two categories of users: certified/primary user and uncertified/secondary user. The reason for the spectrum handoff arises when the primary user (PU) returns to one of its band used by the secondary user. The spectrum handoff is of two types: reactive handoff and proactive handoff. There are certain limitations in reactive handoff, such as it suffers from prolonged handoff latency and interference. In the proacti…

Adaptive energy management strategy for sustainable voltage control of PV-hydro-battery integrated DC microgrid

Abstract DC microgrid has relatively more advantages of power quality, not requirement of reactive power, higher operational efficiency compare to AC microgrid. DC microgrid can facilitate effective integration of distributed clean energy resources and efficient solution for providing electricity to remote areas (e.g. North Eastern States of India). Recently, India has commissioned small hydro, solar PV and battery storage integrated DC microgrids (MGs) to meet the locally increasing load demand of northeastern states. The sudden change in solar insolation during the load power dynamics can cause unbalanced power flow in such isolated MGs. Due to the slow response time of small hydro power …

Grid synchronization of DC energy storage using Voltage Source Inverter with ZCD and PLL techniques

To increase the penetration of renewable energy sources, a proper energy storage is required. In this context, there is a growing concern about the use of energy storage for overcoming the intermittency of renewable energy sources as well as in demand side management. In order to accomplish grid synchronization of energy storage, proper power conditioning devices are required. This paper analyses single phase grid synchronization of DC energy storage using MATLAB Simulink ® environment. The considered power conditioning device is a Voltage Source Inverter (VSI), which is controlled using two methods called (i) traditional Zero Crossing Detection (ZCD) technique and (ii) the phase detector b…

Analysing the effects of power swing on wind farms using instantaneous impedances

Abstract Most of the grid disturbances happen due to the presence of faults and power swing. This article focuses on power swing in view of the amount of penetration of renewable energy resources especially the wind farms. There are two sections. First section approached power swing by deriving a mathematical expression which would be able to track the locus of impedance in time domain and subsequently analyze resistance and reactance simultaneously with respect to time. It used a grid comprising of generator, transmission line and load. The derived expression was compared with a power swing generated using RTDS model and the results were analyzed in R-X plane. Second section analyses the i…

Design and analysis of filament power supply method for increasing life time of thermal emission tubes

This paper has reviewed power supply methods for thermal electron tubes and proposes a method for purpose of increasing its lifetime, with reducing complexity of circuit and, improvement in power efficiency. In this work, the filament is operated with a decreased voltage level while maintaining the output anode power at the same level as required for the filament's operation at nominal voltage. The supply circuit is designed to avoid the reduction of filament voltage below a minimum level. A power converter made of thyristors and rectification diodes is designed to supply the filament voltage. Converter is carefully monitored and controlled by an algorithm embedded in a contemporary Digital…

Techno-economic analysis of off-grid hybrid renewable energy system for Sri Lanka

Off grid hybrid renewable energy based power systems for rural electrification has become an attractive solution for areas where grid electricity is not feasible. Hybrid systems use several generation technologies, therefore the selection of proper technologies and optimum sizing of the components has become of great importance in reducing the overall cost and increasing the reliability of the service. The focus of this study has been to investigate the optimum configuration of a hybrid system which can supply electricity to a rural community in Sri Lanka. A rural village from the Siyambalanduwa region in Sri Lanka inhabiting approximately 150 households resulting approximate daily electric…

Bayesian Game Model: Demand Side Management for Residential Consumers with Electric Vehicles

This paper proposes the game theory enabled approach for the integration of electric vehicles for demand side management (DSM). Demand side management is very complex with conventional approaches. In order to the efficient mechanism of a game theory enabled approach may resolve the complexity. With the increased penetration level of electric vehicles it will be difficult to control grid-to-vehicle integration. The Bayesian game theory provides the solution of such problems in an organized manner. In the presence of distributed energy resources, Electric vehicles will play an important role to stabilize the grid integration. Electric Vehicles consume power during off-peak load period and inj…

Maximum Power Point Tracker for Standalone PV System Using Neural Networks

In this work, designing and implementation of a maximum power point tracker (MPPT) based on an artificial neural network is proposed. The output voltage of the selected photovoltaic array is controlled by a DC to DC boost converter in a way that the PV array generates the available possible maximum power correspond to the available solar irradiance and temperature. The neural network (NN) is capable of forecasting the required terminal voltage of the PV array in order to generate the possible maximum power. The pulse width modulation (PWM) signal, which drives the boost converter, is generated through a raspberry pi according to the forecasted terminal voltage. The terminal voltage of the P…

Domestic demand predictions considering influence of external environmental parameters

A precise prediction of domestic demand is very important for establishing home energy management system and preventing the damage caused by overloading. In this work, active and reactive power consumption prediction model based on historical power usage data and external environment parameter data (temperature and solar radiation) is presented for a typical Southern Norwegian house. In the presented model, a neural network is adopted as a main prediction technique and historical domestic load data of around 2 years are utilized for training and testing purpose. Temperature and global irradiation (which illustrates the solar radiation level quantitatively) are employed as external parameter…

Impact of wind speed on ventilation performance within a container installed with photovoltaic inverter

Abstract PV inverter needs proper ventilation for reducing the heat dissipation of the electronic components. In this work, a container installed with PV inverter is considered with different configurations of cooling channels within the container for ventilation analysis. Typically, high capacity PV inverters are installed inside the container and therefore inverters, are not experiencing external wind effects and it depends on the configuration of cooling channels. In this work, the main cooling channel is located at the top of the inverter; inlet and outlet ventilation holes are located on the side of cross ventilation. They help in analyzing the cooling design, dependent on site specifi…

Electricity load forecasting for Urban area using weather forecast information

The global demand for energy is increasing daily with the expansion of energy infrastructure and the addition of new appliances. Efficient Energy Management System (EMS) is the need of the day. All residential and commercial buildings can achieve better energy efficiency and consumption with the use of EMS. Load forecasting is one of the methods to enable EMS to work efficiently. The accuracy of load forecast depends on many factors. The load forecast model must consider the weather forecast for the region in developing an accurate forecast. This paper develops Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Bagged Regression Trees to generate and predicted load forecast in Urban area using Meteorologi…

Power dispatching techniques as a finite state machine for a standalone photovoltaic system with a hybrid energy storage

Standalone photovoltaic system (SPVS) is usually embedded with an energy storage unit to overcome the intermittency of photovoltaic (PV) generation as well as to address load variations in off-grid operation. In SPVS energy systems, batteries can serve as the long term energy storage and contributing to the large portion of the energy demand but to overcome the load intermittency, it necessitates a fast response energy storage embedded with the battery as a hybrid energy storage (HES) for dynamic loads (e.g., Electric Vehicle loads, emergency power management). In this work, Lead-Acid (LA) battery and supper capacitor (SC) array are used as the HES. HES helps not only in increasing more uti…

Control and power management of Photovoltaic-battery based micro grid

The growing demand for electrical power and the interruption of the power supply has paved the way for the realization of renewable based energy generation. This paper presents the control and power management of a hybrid microgrid system that comprises Photovoltaic (PV) array, battery, and local AC load, connected to the utility grid. This work focuses on the compensation of PV power reduction due to partial shading using bidirectional half bridge converter with battery storage. This system considers fulfilling the local load demand through PV production and, then, to manage the power among the battery and grid. In the proposed system, the considered power conditioning devices area boost c…

Voltage Security Assessment by Using PFDT and CBR Methods in Emerging Power System

Abstract This paper exhibits varied methods for voltage security assessment in a restructured power system. This paper primarily lays emphasis on two methods that are Probabilistic Fuzzy Decision Tree (PFDT) and Case Based Reasoning (CBR). In PFDT, Decision Tree plays an integral role for classification of system. For further classification of power system security, an algorithm is developed to categorise the buses which trouble the security most. After classification of system, by using minimum amount of load curtailment of voltages on buses which made insecure to secure load. Optimization of load is done by curtailing reactive power from insecure buses. In CBR, old cases from database are…

Transcutaneous transfer energy system designing for electronic pills

Abstract This paper proposes a system capable of transcutaneous electric power delivery by means of a non-guided electromagnetic field, suitable for electronic pill technology to be continually powered without the limitations imposed by batteries. This system consists of a Class-E power oscillator, with a crystal-based feedback network to compensate automatically for changes in the operational frequency, multi-turn spiral coupled coils and a power recovery circuit providing a stable output voltage. The synthesis procedure is based on designing equations for optimizing the link efficiency. The proposed transcutaneous transfer energy system aims at transferring 100 mW and providing a stable 3…

Parked electric car's cabin heat management using photovoltaic powered ventilation system

Abstract This paper explores the use of electric car roof mounted photovoltaic (PV) powered ventilation for cabin heat management/ventilation. A fully-functional Renault Zoe electric car has been used for performance evaluation of parked electric car ventilation directly powered by PV. This work has been part of a research project of testing electric cars in the urban environment and it has been conducted at the Edinburgh Napier University’s Transport Research Institute. In this work, parked electric car ventilation has been reported, when roof-mounted PV modules were used to operate DC powered fans for ventilation. It has been found that the DC motor-fan selection for removing the hot air …

Review of information and communication technologies for smart micro-grid automation

The growing challenges of Smart Micro-Grid can only be met if secure and fast information and communication technology (ICT) solutions are developed. In this paper, some of the ICT techniques are reviewed for smart micro-grid automation. Firstly, an overview of the role of ICT in grid distribution is explained with respect to electricity value chain in power distribution. Further, each domain in the value chain is analyzed with respect to ICT applications in power generation, transmission, distribution and consumption. ICT stands as a prominent driving force to enhance trustworthiness, security, and productivity of the power distribution through information exchange, regulated generation, d…

External parameters contribution in domestic load forecasting using neural network

Domestic demand prediction is very important for home energy management system and also for peak reduction in the power system network. In this work, for precise prediction of power demand, external parameters, such as temperature and solar radiation, are considered and included in the prediction model for improving prediction performance. Power prediction models for coming hours' power demand estimation are built using neural network based on hourly power consumptions data with / without ambient temperature data and global solar irradiation (GSI) data respectively. In this work, a typical Southern Norwegian household demand has been considered. As a result, both ambient temperature and GSI…

Power flow management controller within a grid connected photovoltaic based active generator as a finite state machine using hierarchical approach with droop characteristics

Abstract Grid integration of photovoltaic (PV) system with a hybrid energy storage can help not only in increasing more penetration of PV system into the network but also in improving the power system dynamics and control in addition to helping the demand side management. In this work, a PV system with a hybrid energy storage including a battery array and a super capacitor bank is going to work as an active generator with innovative load management and power flow control strategies for managing the active power demand locally considering the grid constraints. This work proposes an architecture for a PV based active generator, which can provide active power in controlled manner while maintai…

ANN modelling of CO2 refrigerant cooling system COP in a smart warehouse

Author's accepted manuscript Industrial cooling systems consume large quantities of energy with highly variable power demand. To reduce environmental impact and overall energy consumption, and to stabilize the power requirements, it is recommended to recover surplus heat, store energy, and integrate renewable energy production. To control these operations continuously in a complex energy system, an intelligent energy management system can be employed using operational data and machine learning. In this work, we have developed an artificial neural network based technique for modelling operational CO2 refrigerant based industrial cooling systems for embedding in an overall energy management s…

Performance analysis of photovoltaic powered dc motor — Propeller system

The application of autonomous directly photovoltaic (PV) powered electro-mechanical has received increasing attention for different applications (e.g. PV water pumping, PV powered cooling of arid climate greenhouses, solar vehicles etc). The PV array output is a nonlinear and time-dependent power supply that varies with solar intensity and cell temperature, so the performance characteristics of the directly PV-powered DC motor — propeller system are very different than when powered by a constant DC voltage. The focus of this work is to do performance analysis of directly PV-powered DC motor — propeller system. Through performance evaluation, it has been observed that power transfer matching…

PV System Design for Off-Grid Applications

Solar photovoltaic (PV) technology has the versatility and flexibility for developing off-grid electricity system for different regions, especially in remote rural areas. While conventionally straight forward designs were used to set up off-grid PV-based system in many areas for wide range of applications, it is now possible to adapt a smart design approach for the off-grid solar PV hybrid system. A range of off-grid system configurations are possible, depending upon load requirements and their electrical properties as well as on site-specific available energy resources. The overall goal of the off-gird system design should be such that it should provide maximum efficiency, reliability and …

Techno-Economic Case Study of Micro-Grid System at Soccer Club of Skagerak Arena Norway

The photovoltaic system and battery energy storage can be used in a microgrid system for reducing peak demand from the grid and it enhances overall techno-economic performance of the system. In this work, a functioning micro-grid of 800 kWp photovoltaic system and 1 MWh lithium ion battery, located at Soccer Club of Skagrek Arena (Norway), is used for techno-economic analysis and operational load from years 2015 to 2018. The system performance has been analyzed for understanding the techno-economic operation, and contributions from the PV and battery energy storage for reducing peak demand from the grid. In this study, it has been observed that the integration of PV and battery energy stora…

Non-cooperative game theory based stepwise power tariff model using Monte-Carle simulation for agricultural consumers

Abstract In the present study the concept of non-cooperative game theory is proposed in the retail electricity market for introducing stepwise power tariff model (SPT) for agricultural consumers. The objective of the paper is to increase the energy generation through green energy generation sources (GEGS), introduction of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, education of families, standard wiring and appliance efficiency in tariffs for agricultural consumers with non-cooperative game theory. Agricultural consumers are able to generate a huge amount of electricity through GEGS and are able to control the consumption in their own way, and the non-cooperative game theory is introduced. Energy con…

Stackelberg Game Theory Based Energy Management Systems in the Presence of Renewable Energy Sources

The game theory concept has been adapted for energy management between energy producers and consumers in the presence of renewable energy sources (RES) and electric vehicles (EVs). The objective of...

A Deep Reinforcement Learning scheme for Battery Energy Management

Deep reinforcement learning is considered promising for many energy cost optimization tasks in smart buildings. How-ever, agent learning, in this context, is sometimes unstable and unpredictable, especially when the environments are complex. In this paper, we examine deep Reinforcement Learning (RL) algorithms developed for game play applied to a battery control task with an energy cost optimization objective. We explore how agent behavior and hyperparameters can be analyzed in a simplified environment with the goal of modifying the algorithms for increased stability. Our modified Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient (DDPG) agent is able to perform consistently close to the optimum over multi…

Cascaded PD-PI controller for active power frequency control of two-area multi-units power system

In interconnected multi-area power system; the real power generation within each area has to be managed through active power frequency control considering scheduled power exchange. In this work, two different controllers, namely cascaded PD-PI and conventional PID controller are considered for analyzing the dynamic response of the two area interconnected power system. Area-1 consists of two reheat type thermal generating power plant units and area-2 comprises of two non-reheat type thermal power plant units. The controller gains of PD-PI and PID controllers are efficiently tuned by ‘Teaching Learning based Optimization Technique’. In area-1, 1% step load disturbance is applied for analyzing…

Economic Analysis of a Building Integrated Photovoltaic System Without and With Energy Storage

Abstract A grid-connected solar photovoltaic (PV) system with energy storage can help in overcoming the intermittency as well as in reducing the peak demand on the network. It also benefits in electricity bills savings. In this context, it is significant to examine the appropriate use of local energy storage (i.e. battery) connected with PV for reducing the energy supply from the grid, and also its contribution in peak demand reduction with more emphasis on reduction in annual consumer electricity bill. In this paper, a techno-economic analysis of Building Integrated Photovoltaic (BIPV) system with energy storage has been presented. A typical South Norwegian house, installed with PV, has be…

Frequency Regulation of Hybrid Power System by Optimized Adaptive Fuzzy PID Controller

In this study, an adaptive fuzzy PID (AFPID) regulator has been proposed for frequency control of hybrid power system. For controller parameter optimization, an upgraded Whale Optimization Algorithm (WOA) has been employed. In the proposed Upgraded WOA (UWOA) technique, a cosine function is incorporated in the original WOA for determining control parameter to manage the position of whales throughout optimization procedure. Furthermore, scaling factors are employed in original WOA to adjust the travel of whales in search procedure. Proposed UWOA technique is employed to design an AFPID controller for frequency regulation of a hybrid power system It is demonstrated that UWOA technique out per…

Data Communication Security of Advanced Metering Infrastructure in Smart Grid

Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) is very critical part for wired/wireless communication in Smart Grid. It involves communication of vital smart metering data to central control center for smooth functioning of smart grid. Security and reliability of data is of paramount importance for operational reliability of smart grid. AMI network is susceptible to many cyber security threats and attacks. Therefore it is desirable to prevent the data from such vulnerabilities. The paper proposes two-phase method to provide security of data using dedicated authentication server which inhibits malicious and unauthorized nodes to gain access to AMI communication network. Secure environment is created…

Coherency identification and oscillation damping effects of PSS in interconnected power system: A comparative analysis approach

This paper analyzes four different test systems for defining coherent generators in the multi machine power systems based on the Eigen properties of the linearized model of the inter connected power system. The disruption is measured to be dispersed in the network by smearing small signal disturbance in each case. For finding the coherent areas and their tolerances in the inter-connected power system, no generator buses are allocated to each cluster of coherent generator using similar coherency recognition methods. The technique is assessed with four test schemes, and coherent generators and zones are acquired for diverse functioning points to render a more precise consortium approach, whic…

Integration of DC power source in micro-grid using VSI with PLL technique

The looming energy crisis is becoming the greatest challenge to the world today. As a consequence of this there is an increasing attention for alternative renewable energy resources. In future, renewable energy sources will be integrated with energy storage and it will require a proper converter for integrating with the grid. In order to achieve this, various power electronics topologies have to be incorporated between the grid and the renewable source(s). This paper presents the simulation and experimental implementation of DC power source integration in micro-grid using single phase ‘Voltage Source Inverter’ (VSI) with ‘Phase Locked Loop’ (PLL) topology. Firstly the appropriateness of the…

A Game Theory Approach and Tariff Strategy for Demand Side Management

Demand side management in smart grid environment with smart meters, renewable energy sources, different kind of consumers etc. is a complex problem. To optimize the problem game theory methodology is used. Game theory approach provide win-win situation between consumers and utilities. Objective of the paper is to find the Nash equilibrium between consumer and utility when utility is supplied through green energy sources. Mathematical modeling of consumption and utilization derived a Nash equilibrium point where consumer and utility both get maximum payoffs. Results shows that energy consumption cost is reduce by applying game theory approach.

PEM FC Single Cell Based on a 3-D Printed Plastic Housing and Experimental Validation with the Mathematical Model

Abstract This paper presents the design, modelling, and testing of a PEM single fuel cell based on the use of 3D printing. The design of the housings was made of SolidWorks, while MATLAB/SIMULINK were used to model performance. The fabricated cell performed satisfactorily with no leaks of gas, showing that the 3D printing method can be used in the additive manufacturing of fuel cells thus leading to significant cost savings.

Estimation of annual energy output of a wind turbine using wind speed probability distribution

In this work, annual energy output of a variable speed wind turbine is analyzed using annual Weibull wind speed probability distribution function. The power coefficient variation with tip speed ratio in torque control region as well as pitch angle variation for maximum power output from wind turbine are analyzed for identifying control system parameters. The wind turbine power output and variation of power coefficient with tip speed ratio as well as pitch angle are examined / reported using annual Weibull distribution function. Finally the variation of the estimated annual energy output of the given wind turbine with the mean wind speed is presented.

Blockchain based Device identification and authentication in a Smart Grid

The power grid is a critical infrastructure of a country that needs protection and security. According to the report of the International Energy Agency, the electricity demand is constantly increasing the world over. Countries are moving towards green energy and efforts are being made to integrate these green energy into the main grid. Smart Grid will improve the reliability and efficiency of the grid by managing the energy demand. Cyber-attacks and cyber terrorism is also increasingly targeting the electrical grid. Intruders may try to gain access to the grid by exploiting the vulnerability of the grid. IEDs/devices are the endpoints of the network and they are the weakest link in the enti…

Deregulated Electric Energy Price Forecasting in NordPool Market using Regression Techniques

Deregulated electricity market day-ahead electrical energy price forecasting is important. It is influenced by external parameters and it is a complicated function. In this work two neighboring regions in the NordPool market are analyzed to provide day-ahead electrical price forecasting using regression techniques. The characteristics of the NordPool market trading behavior leads to unanticipated price peaks at daily, weekly and annual level. The considered two Nordic regions have different energy generation sources (e.g Norway has controllable hydro power, Denmark has non-controllable wind-power) therefore day-ahead electrical energy price forecasting in deregulated market for these two ne…

Load Demand Analysis of Nordic Rural Area with Holiday Resorts for Network Capacity Planning

Most of the Nordic holiday resorts are in rural area with low capacity distributed network. The rural area network is weak and needs capacity expansion planning as the load demand of this area are going to increase due to penetration of electric vehicles and heat pumps. Such type of rural network can also be operated as a micro-grid, and therefore load analysis is required for appropriate operation. The load analysis will also be useful for finding proper sizing of distributed energy resources including energy storage. In this work, load demand analysis of a typical Nordic holiday resorts, connected in rural grid, is presented to find out the load variation during the usage periods. The loa…

3-Phase grid-connected building integrated photovoltaic system with reactive power control capability

Abstract Recently, a tendency in the growing of grid-connected building integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) systems has been noticed in most countries. Hence, high penetration of PV power into the system network can be observed in many points in the network. This may cause severe problems on the distribution network due to the intermittent nature of PV systems. As a feasible solution, the reactive power capability of voltage source inverter in PV systems can be employed rather than approaching expensive grid infrastructures in the distribution network. The purpose of this study is to implement a 3-phase grid-connected (BIPV) system with reactive power control to regulate the system voltage and i…

The scenario of electric vehicles in Norway

Abstract Electrical vehicle (EV) technology is widely recognized as one of most important transport measurements, as it does not emit greenhouse gases and noise while reducing the crude oil dependency. EV prices, driving range, and battery types are the main decisive challenges in EV industry. Currently, Norway is the leading country in EV by introducing economical and efficient incentives that have a direct impact on increasing the EV buying rate. The economic incentives such as exemption from vehicle taxes have reduced the EV prices. Moreover, flexible charging infrastructure has increased the battery range by establishing fast and slow charging places around the country. The EV usage is …

Cognitive Radio Application for Smart Grid

The communication infrastructure between energy generation, transmission, distribution and utilization will require multi-way communications, interoperability between the advanced and existing system, and end-to-end reliable and secure communications with low-latencies. Revolutionary communication architecture is required for effective operation and control of smart grid, and cognitive radio based communication architecture can provide a unique solution. By leveraging cognitive radio technology, the suggested communications infrastructure promises to utilize potentially all available spectrum resources efficiently in the smart grid. The radio agility allows the smart grid devices to sense t…

Grid integration of PEM fuel cell with multiphase switching for maximum power operation

Energy storage in the form of electrolytic Hydrogen can play an important role for integration of intermittent renewable energy sources in the smart grid environment. Electrolytic Hydrogen can be used as a fuel in proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell. In this work, a technique for multiphase switching of a DC-DC converter associated with grid integration of a PEM fuel cell stack for maximum power operation in non-dispatchable mode is proposed. The presented system consists of a PEM fuel cell stack which is operating in non-dispatchable mode of operation, DC-DC multiphase switching boost converter for maximum power operation and a grid tied three phase voltage source inverter (VSI). VSI …

Dynamic Economic Load Dispatch using Levenberg Marquardt Algorithm

Abstract Economic Load Dispatch (ELD) is a very important feature of power system network. This work proposes the novel approach which considers the constraint of ramp rate limit (RRL) to solve the ELD problem. It build up the time varying dynamic economic load dispatch in which load dispatching is calculated for each specified time interval, first it is tested with conventional lambda iteration technique and then the outcomes are used to train artificial neural network (ANN) it is based on Levenberg Marquardt algorithm (LMA).As compared with any other ANN method, the Levenberg Marquardt algorithm based dynamic economic load dispatch is more swift and precise. The propose algorithm is teste…

Human computer interactive future framework: automation of human interaction and interfaces

Contemporary era technological improvements and social living urges the advancement of technological implementations and to create an environment for automation of interaction platform. The sole aim being the reduction of labour work or human effort and optimising the throughput gained. The future generation is expecting such developments in current systems, but none can elucidate the particular area of improvements to be done for future models. In order to cater such requirements, a HCI future framework for automating the interaction and interfaces is proposed. The framework is divided into ten co-frames of interfaces with further classifications for facilitating the understanding of indiv…

Performance comparison of mono-polar and bi-polar configurations of alkaline electrolysis stack through 3-D modelling and experimental fabrication

Abstract Generation of hydrogen using electrolysis process with integrated renewable energy sources is highly important especially in environmental aspects. In this paper, we demonstrate that the enhancement of electrolysis performance of alkaline electrolysis stacks by diminishing the distance between electrodes, while changing the properties of the Membrane Electrode Assembly (MEA). Prior to that, the performances of mono-polar and bi-polar configurations of alkaline electrolysis stack are compared through 3-D modelling and experimental fabrication. At first, two different single cell alkaline electrolysers are designed using SolidWorks as a design software and the designed cell has been …

Pitch controller modeling for wind turbine power regulation using feed forward control strategies

In this work, pitch controlled power regulation of a horizontal axis wind turbine coupled with a fixed speed asynchronous generator is studied using SimulationX®. Wind turbines need to be operated as per specified power output vs wind speed characteristics of it. If the wind speed is between the cut-in wind speed and the rated wind speed, then the wind turbine needs to be operated constant Cp. If wind speed is between the rated speed and the cut-off wind speed, then the wind turbine needs to be operated for constant rated power. To extract rated power above rated wind speed a proper controller strategy is required. This work provides a simulation model for power regulation of a horizontal a…