0000000000121409
AUTHOR
E. Hammarén
A Study of the Nuclear Structure at High Energy and Low Spin
A novel method to study nuclear structure at low spin as a function of temperature is developed and used on 146,148Sm, 154,156Gd and 160,162Dy, by means of the (3He, α) reaction. The nuclear level density for a wide energy range is also studied. The γ-multiplicities and the first generation γ-ray spectra indicate a structure change in deformed nuclei at about 6 MeV.
Level-spacing distribution in the tight-binding model of fcc clusters.
A lattice-gas Monte Carlo method is used to simulate metallic fcc clusters at finite temperatures. A tight-binding model including s and p electrons has been derived for reproducing the free-electron-like energy band for the bulk metal and this model is used for calculating the electronic structures of the fcc cluster. The resulting level-spacing distribution at the Fermi energy is a Wigner distribution. The width of the distribution in small clusters is smaller than that calculated from the bulk density of states. In the lattice gas clusters the energy gaps related to the electronic magic numbers do not show up at the Fermi level. The energy between the last occupied and the first unoccupi…
On the shell structure and geometry of monovalent metal clusters
The Huckel model is used to study the electronic structure of monovalent metal clusters. In an fcc cluster the Huckel model gives an estimate to the electronic structure of a free electron cluster. It is shown that the surface faceting of the fcc cluster can destroy the electronic shell structure already when the cluster has about 100 electrons. In the Huckel model the icosahedral structure has smaller total energy than the fcc structures, from which the Wulff construction has the smallest energy already when the cluster has 600 atoms.
Study of Even Gd Nuclei by Decay of Oriented Tb, With Analysis by Simple Boson Models
We have studied low-spin states of 150,152,154,156Gd by nuclear orientation of β-decaying Tb in a Gd host. Especially by means of multipole mixing ratios, including E0/E2, we have checked and revised spin-parities and assignments to (quasi) rotational ground, β and γ bands. For 150Gd we propose the new interpretation 1207.2 keV (0β+), 1518.5 keV (2β+), 1700.1 keV (4β+), 1430.5 keV (2γ+), 1988.0 keV (3γ+), 2080.0 keV (4γ+). For 152,154,156Gd we find agreement with recent literature. Our comparison with theory includes available data on 158,160Gd and on states up to 10g+, 10β+, 7γ+. We review our previously proposed "projection model", which is basically of the Bohr-Mottelson geometrical type…
Effects of Crystal Field Splitting and Surface Faceting on the Electronic Shell Structure
The shell structure of the valence electrons is clearly observed in all alkali and noble metal clusters containing up to hundreds of atoms[1 – 4]. It is seen in the abundances of the clusters, in the ionization potential and in the polarizability. The shell structure of the valence electrons is closely related to the shell model of nuclei, but is simpler owing to the negligibly small spin-orbit interaction. The ability to produce all sizes of metal clusters has made the metal clusters a test ground for the super-shell structure[5].
Shell structure in large nonspherical metal clusters.
Electronic shell structure of icosahedral and cuboctahedral sodium clusters with 300 to 1500 atoms has been studied using a potential-well approximation for the effective one-electron potential. The results show that icosahedral clusters yield the same shell structure as spherical clusters up to the cluster size of about 500 atoms and that similarities persist until the cluster has about 1000 atoms. The shell structure of a cuboctahedral geometry begins to deviate from that of a sphere when the cluster size is about 100. A study on quadrupole deformations of large clusters shows that surface fluctuations in liquid clusters cannot destroy the shell structure even in the largest clusters.
Effects of the cluster surface on the electronic shell structure: faceting, roughness and softness
Several simple models have been used to study the effects of the surface on the electronic shell structure in metal clusters. The main results are as follows: The icosahedral clusters have the same electronic shell structure as the sphere up to about 1000 atoms. The surface roughness causes the distribution of the level spacings to be a Wigner distribution. By varying the softness of the potential we can obtain potentials where the simplest classical orbits are the ‘five-point star’ or even ‘the three-point star’.
Microscopic description of even-even nuclei in the mass A = 130 region
Abstract We present a systematic study of even-even nuclei in the mass A = 130 region using a microscopic nuclear structure model, in which the nuclear wave functions are approximated by linear combinations of number- and spin-projected zero-quasiparticle and two-quasipartile determinants obtained from a self-consistent Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov mean field. With a fixed hamiltonian, being a slightly renormalized Brueckner G-matrix based on the Bonn potential the model is able to reproduce the main trends of empirical energy and electromagnetic properties of the transitional, soft nuclei in the region. The empirical nature of the crossing ( πh 11 2 ) 2 and ( vh 11 2 ) 2 superbands in Ce and Ba…
A test of the feasibility of γp-coincidence techniques in conjunction with the (t, pγ) reaction
Abstract A setup has been tested for γp coincidence measurements in conjunction with the (t, pγ) reaction. The γ-rays were detected by a Ge(Li) detector and protons with an annular Si(Au) detector placed at forward angles, elastically scattered tritons being removed with an absorber.
Low-energy rotational bands in the nucleus155Eu
Excited states in the nucleus155Eu have been produced during in-beam bombardments of a154Sm target with3He beams at 22 and 27 MeV. Decay gamma rays were detected using coincidence equipment optimized for low-energy photons. The level scheme is based on the observedγγ-coincidence relationships combined with the information on relative intensities. Tentatively suggested spin assignments follow from the apparent rotational character of the nucleus. Experimental observations are compared with predictions calculated from a particle-rotor model with a nonspheroidal Woods-Saxon potential.
High spin shell model excitations in149Gd
The high spin level structure of the three-neutron nucleus149Gd has been investigated by in-beamγ-ray and electron spectroscopy with (α, xn) reactions. The observed levels are characterized as members of the shell model multipletsνf 7 2/3 ,νh 9/2 f 7 2/2 ,νf 7 2/3 ×3−,νh 9/2 f 7 2/2 ×3−, and tentativelyνf 7 2/3 ×(3−)2. The energies of theν f 7 2/3 states agree only moderately with those calculated using empirical two-nucleon interactions taken from148Gd, which indicates the importance of long range contributions already atN=85.
Remeasurement of the Lifetime of the Isomeric 9/2+State in155Dy
The isomeric 9/2+ state at 132.2 keV in the nucleus 155Dy has been populated through 3He bombardment (E = 27 MeV) of a 155Gd target. The half-life of the the 9/2+ level has been determined as 51 ± 3 ns. The decay modes of the 11/2-, 234.2 keV level have been confirmed. For both levels the hindrance factors calculated with the particle-rotor model have been compared with other predictions available.
Simulation of cluster impact fusion
We report molecular dynamics simulations of the impact of TiD clusters on TiD targets. In each cluster collision the total fusion probability seems to be due to a single deuterium deuterium collision. The kinetic energies of incident deuterium atoms gradually level off around the initial cluster energy, but do not reach the high energy tail of a corresponding Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution. Neither any other support for a thermonuclear fusion mechanism was observed. On the contrary, our simulations imply that the enhanced fusion rate is rather due to channeled many atom collision cascade type mechanism.
The Isomeric 9/2+and the Lowest 7/2-State in the Weakly Deformed N = 89 Nuclei
The decays of the isomeric 9/2+ states which have been produced by (d, pγ) and (3He, xnγ) reactions, have been investigated in three N = 89 nuclei. The half-lives have been determined to be 5.1 ± 0.3 ns in 149Nd and 3.5 ± 0.4 μs in 153Gd. In 155Dy a 5.5 ns half-life was found, but we were unable to assign it to the 9/2+ state. The calculated E1 transition probability from the 9/2+ state has been used as a probe in suggesting the following main components for the lowest-lying 7/2- state: 7/2 5/2-[523] in 149Nd, 7/2 3/2-[521] in 153Gd and 7/2 3/2-[521] in 155Dy. The corresponding 7/2- state in 151Sm is proposed to be 7/2{1}3/2-[532] + 5/2-[523]{1}. All calculations have been performed using a…
Low-lying levels in the nuclei151Nd and155Sm
Decay properties of excited states in the151Nd and155Sm nuclei produced by 10 MeV douterons have been investigated with in-beam gamma-gamma-coincidence equipment during bombardment of the150Nd and154Sm targets. The results largely confirm the data obtained earlier for these nuclei. The (d, p γ) reaction channel favors population of odd-parity low-spin levels, whose energies follow the rule of regular band structure for well-deformed nuclei. The level schemes are interpreted with calculations using an axial particle-rotor model with a Woods-Saxon potential.
Level structure of170Er observed in the decay of the 2.76 min170Ho
TheΒ−-decay of the longer-lived170Ho isomer produced through the170Er(n, p)170Ho reaction has been investigated by using a versastile detector and coincidence equipment. The half-life andΒ−-decay energy were determined to beT1/2=2.76±0.05 min andQβ =3.85±0.15 MeV, respectively. In addition to the ground state band and some higher energy levels, the proposed level scheme of170Er contains 11 states between 1.0 and 1.6 MeV (6 new ones), which are connected mutually by previously unknown low-energy transitions. Spin and/or parity assignments based mainly on coincidence data and multipolarity determinations are suggested for most of these states. By using systematic considerations and the nuclea…
Electronic Shell Structure in Icosahedral Metal Clusters
The shell structure of valence electrons in icosahedral and cuboctahedral simple metal clusters is studied using the free electron model and the Huckel model. The shell structure in a 1415 atom icosahedral cluster has still similarities with that of a spherical cluster. The effect of the finite temperature on the shell structure in liquid clusters is discussed.
Particle-Rotor Model Study of the Transitional N = 89 and Some N = 91-95 Nuclei
A particle-rotor model with a nonspheroidal axial and reflection symmetric Woods-Saxon potential has been used to describe the rotational bands and gamma branching ratios in some odd-mass nuclei with 95 to 89 neutrons. Systematics of the deformation parameters have been found by calculations in the well-deformed region. The model is capable of giving a systematic classification of the low-lying odd-parity excitations in the N = 91 and expecially in the N = 89 nuclei. An important result is the identification of the 7/2+, 3/2+ and 5/2+ members of the 3/2+[651] side band in the weakly deformed nuclei. These discoveries also provide a reliable foundation for the classification of other low-spi…
Shell structure and level spacing distribution in metallic clusters
The lattice gas Monte Carlo and tight binding method is used to study the electronic shell structure in large metallic clusters. The average density of states of a large ensemble of deformed clusters shows the same shell structure as the most spherical geometry. The level spacing distribution at the Fermi level is a Wigner distribution.
States of167Ho from the decay of neutron rich nuclide167Dy
Theβ −-decay of 66 167 Dy produced through the fast neutron reaction170Er(n, α)167Dy has been investigated by using several kinds of detectors and a high-capacity two-parameter recording system. The half-life andβ −-decay energy of167Dy were determined to beT 1/2 = 6.20 ± 0.08min andQ β-=2.35±0.06, respectively. The observed level scheme of 67 167 Ho (completely unknown previously) contains 12 states, among them a 6.0±0.1 μsM2 isomer at 259.3 keV. On the basis of theoretical and systematic considerations combined with multipole determinations, the following Nilsson model assignments are proposed for the lowest states of167Ho: 0 keV (7−/2 [523]), 259.3 keV (3+/2[411]), 319.8 keV (5/2 3+/2[41…
Shape coexistence in the A ∼ 70 region including neutron-proton interaction and unnatural-parity correlations in the mean field
Abstract The recent investigations of the shape-coexistence phenomena dominating the structure of the even-even nuclei in the A ∼ 70 mass region are extended by introducing neutron-proton and unnatural-parity correlations in the mean field, while keeping the time-reversal invariance and the axial-symmetry restrictions. Selected low-lying states in 68Ge, 72Ge and 72Kr nuclei are investigated within the FED VAMPIR or EXCITED FED VAMPIR approaches. The results obtained using real and complex mean fields in a relatively large model space are compared with the experimental data. Similar qualitative features are obtained with both real and complex calculations concerning the evolution of the shap…