Visual literacy practices in higher education: what, why and how?
A bilingual five-year-old girl is trying to explain to her mother what she was doing at gymnastics class. Despite her best efforts to overcome the excitement, speaking a mixture of two languages an...
Socio-economic differentiation in the post-communist rural Baltics : the case of three kolkhozes
ABSTRACTThis paper uses longitudinal quantitative data to examine socio-economic differentiation in the rural Baltic areas after decollectivization. It argues that the rural social structure in the post-Soviet Baltics is best determined by two criteria: source of income (income from farming entrepreneurship or income from salaries) and land holdings. Four rural groups are identified: people getting their main income from farming can be differentiated into large landowners engaged in the commercial production of agricultural goods and people with small or medium-sized farms; and people earning their main income from wages can be separated into people with no farming activities and people who…
Rural livelihood diversification: a solution for poverty in the post‐Soviet rural Baltic states?
This article analyses rural livelihood diversification through a longitudinal follow‐up survey, that targets former collective farm workers in Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. It argues, that between 1995 and 2010 the former collective farm workers employed three distinct livelihood diversification strategies in order to create their living. A wage‐based livelihood diversification strategy, which does not include any agricultural practices, was more common among the better‐off households. A farm‐based livelihood diversification strategy, which does not rely on salaries, was more often employed by the poor. A mixed strategy, that combines both wage income and farm activities, was used by both …