0000000000320148
AUTHOR
Sirpa Herve
Lipid-Filled semipermeable membrane devices and mussels as samplers of organochlorine compounds in lake water.
Semipermeable membrane sampling devices (SPMDs) and caged lake mussels (Anodonta piscinalis) were simultaneously deployed at four lake watercourse sites in Central Finland four weeks in August 1992. This study was part of the regular annual monitoring of the organochlorine compounds (OCC) in pulp-mill recipient watercourses of Finland with bivalves. Chlorohydrocarbons (CHCs), chlorophenol compounds (PCPs), chloroanisoles (PCAs) and chloroveratroles (PCVs) were analyzed from lipid extract of mussels and from the synthetic triolein lipid of the SPMDs. Hexane-diethyl ether (9:1, v/v) dialysis using polyethylene membrane was applied in dean up of the SPMD lipids and, for comparison, to six sets…
Bioaccumulation, bioavailability and environmental fate of chlorophenol impurities, polychlorinated hydroxydiphenylethers and their methoxy analogues.
The bioaccumulation potential and environmental fate of polychlorinated hydroxydiphenyl ethers (HO-PCDEs; polychlorinated phenoxyphenols, PCPP), the major impurities of chlorophenol formulations and their methoxy analogues (MeO-PCDEs; polychlorinated methoxyanisoles, PCPAs) were investigated. Oligochaete worms (Lumbriculus variegatus) exposed to sediment spiked with a model substance of one HO-hexaCDE (4'-HO-PCDE 161) or its methoxy analogue (4'-MeO-PCDE 161) clearly accumulated the test compounds revealing the potential for environmental risk of HO-PCDEs and MeO-PCDEs. The HO-PCDE tested has earlier been reported as an abundant component in a Finnish chlorophenol formulation (Ky-5) and its…
Chlorophenol Compounds in Snow
Polychlorinated phenols, guaiacols and catechols have been studied in snow from North Pole, North, Central and South Finland. Only Central and South Finland samples contained known compounds above limit of determination 0.5 ng/1. Airborne chlorophenol pollution appeared to be very much higher in South than in Central Finland.
Refractory organic pollutants and toxicity in pulp and paper mill wastewaters
This review describes medium and high molecular weight organic material found in wastewaters from pulp and paper industry. The aim is to review the versatile pollutants and the analysis methods for their determination. Among other pollutants, biocides, extractives, and lignin-derived compounds are major contributors to harmful effects, such as toxicity, of industrial wastewaters. Toxicity of wastewaters from pulp and paper mills is briefly evaluated including the methods for toxicity analyses. Traditionally, wastewater purification includes mechanical treatment followed by chemical and/or biological treatment processes. A variety of methods are available for the purification of industrial w…
Survey of organochlorines in Finnish watercourses by caged mussel method
Monitoring organochlorine compounds with caged common lake mussels (Anodonta piscinalis) in the pulp and paper mill recipient watercourses of Finland annually from 1984 produced many statistically significant time trends. A decrease of chlorophenols and chloroguaiacols originating from chlorobleaching were observed in all recipients in parallel with the decreasing discharges from the mills. Metabolites of chlorophenols, chloroanisoles and chloroveratroles were constant. Significantly elevated PCB concentrations were measured in four watercourses. At two of these areas, the PCB concentrations were constant. In contrast, a statistically significant increase of PCB (and DDE) was found at one r…
A survey of recent results in passive sampling of water and air by semipermeable membrane devices
Abstract A survey is presented of some recent results for passive sampling of water and air for trace organic contaminants using lipid-filled semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs). Results of water sampling for trace organochlorine compounds using simultaneously exposed SPMDs and the most universally applied biomonitor (bivalves) are discussed. In general, the total amounts of accumulated analytes available for analysis in bivalves and SPMDs were comparable. However, SPMD controls typically had negligible levels of contamination, which was not always the case for transplanted bivalves, even after prolonged depuration prior to exposure. In surveys of the spatial trends of organochlorines at…
Analysis of Trace Pharmaceuticals and Related Compounds in Municipal Wastewaters by Preconcentration, Chromatography, Derivatization, and Separation Methods
A significant portion of pharmaceuticals and other organic chemicals consumed by people and animals are released into municipal wastewater treatment plants. Most of them are degraded during the wastewater treatment processes, but some of them degrade only partially and may be widely transported and dispersed into the aquatic environment. This is why efficient and fast analytical methods are needed for detection of organic compounds in wastewaters at trace levels. Because wastewaters often consist of complex matrices and high-molecular mass materials, e.g., lignocellulosic biomass, which may bring challenges to the sample preparation procedures, efficient pre-concentration methods such as so…
Biological effects of high molecular weight lignin derivatives
Abstract A number of high molecular weight (HMW) lignin derivatives possessing varied chemical properties were screened for their biological effects in order to obtain more information on the possible structural features of HMW lignin-related effects. The studied compounds were both commercial and in-house extracted lignin derivatives. Bioassays used include reverse electron transport (RET), Vibrio fischeri, Daphnia magna , and juvenile rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss) hepatocytes. The studied lignin derivatives inhibited the in vitro systems and luminescence of V. fischeri bacteria to some extent–daphnids were not affected. It seems that, at least in the RET assay, certain pH-dependent…
Uptake of chlorohydrocarbons from soil by lipid-containing semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs)
Chlorohydrocarbons (CHCs) were surveyed in contaminated lake shore soil in Central Finland with polyethylene membranes containing synthetic triolein (SPMDs). High levels of hexachlorobenzene (HCBz) and PCBs were found in a significant number of the SPMDs exposed 28 days to 35 soil sampling locations along the 350 meter long shoreline. Distributions of HCBz and PCBs were different as demonstrated by two maximas of HCBz and four maximas of PCBs observed. Soil was also analyzed at selected locations for concentrations of CHCs, organic carbon (OC) and moisture. Steady state environmental fate modeling and simple equilibrium partition estimates based on analytical results both gave the same stea…
Chloroaromatic pollutants in mussels incubated in two finnish watercourses polluted by industry
Abstract Concentrations of different chlorinated compounds were measured in mussels incubated in two polluted watercourses, a river (the River Kymijoki) and a lake (Lake Vanaja) for four weeks in summer 1995. The sum concentrations of polychlorinated phenols (PCP) and biphenyls (PCB) were both about 1 μg/g lipid weight (lw) in Lake Vanaja mussels, while in the River Kymijoki mussels PCPs were non-detectable and PCBs were measured 120 ng/g lIw. The concentrations of toxic polychlorinated dibenzo- p -dioxin (PCDD) and dibenzofuran (PCDF) congeners ranged between
Ecotest device for estimation of environmental fate of chemicals in the laboratory
Abstract A glass vessel device with water volume of 20 L was constructed for fast testing of the fate of a chemical in freshwater watercourse environment. The dynamic system consisted of natural water with throughflow, of 4.5 mL min−1 and bottom sediment from a clean oligohumic lake in Central Finland. Duckweed (Lemna sp.) as plant material, lake mussel (Anodonta piscinalis) and crucian carp (Carassius carassius) as test animals were included in the test device. Tetrachloroguaiacol (TeCG) was dissolved at start to water to make 2 μg L−1 concentration. The same concentration of TeCG was maintained in inflow water. After static and dynamic pre-tests, a dynamic four weeks test at 15°C was run …
Trends of organochlorine compounds in Finnish inland waters
Caged common lake mussels (Anodonta piscinalis) have been used in the monitoring of organochlorine compounds in pulp and paper mill recipient watercourses of Finland annually from 1984 to 1998. Statistically significant decreasing trends of chlorophenols and chloroguaiacols originating from chlorobleaching were observed in all recipients in parallel with the decreasing discharges from the mills. Metabolites of chlorophenols, chloroanisoles and chloroveratroles had no or slightly increasing trends. Elevated PCB concentrations were measured in four watercourses. In two areas, PCBs were found to be significantly increasing, in two other cases they showed no trend. A mill producing recycled pap…
Evaluation of biodegradation of nonylphenol ethoxylate and lignin by combining toxicity assessment and chemical characterization.
Abstract The aerobic biodegradation of commercial nonylphenol ethoxylate (NPE) mixture and alkali lignin was studied using the OECD headspace test accompanied by the simultaneous measurement of ecotoxicity directly from the biodegradation liquors and by the follow-up of the chemical composition of the studied chemicals. NPE degradation was dependent on the inoculum source: approximately 40% of NPE was mineralized into CO2 during the 4-week experiment when inoculum from Helsinki City wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) was used, and only 12% was mineralized when inoculum from Jyvaskyla City WWTP was used. Chemical analyses revealed a shift in the ethoxylate chain length from longer to shorter …
POPs and organic polysufides in sediments of Lake Ladoga
Abstract The study included one station close to a pollution source (depth 59 m) and another far from polluted areas (depth 40 m). Samples were analysed for organic chlorine, bromine and sulfur compounds. Samples taken with a corer were sliced to the layers of 0–1, 1–4, 4–7 cm etc. down to the depth of 34 cm. The dating was made with two independent methods, the 210Po method and with the soot particle counting method. The analyses were made with a multiresidue method. Gas chromatography was connected to low resolution mass spectrometry (LRMS) or to high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). A different extraction was applied to screen the possible occurrence of polysulfides. Typical chloroph…