Nonlinear effects of respiration on the crosstalk between cardiovascular and cerebrovascular control systems.
Cardiovascular and cerebrovascular regulatory systems are vital control mechanisms responsible for guaranteeing homeostasis and are affected by respiration. This work proposes the investigation of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular control systems and the nonlinear influences of respiration on both regulations through joint symbolic analysis (JSA), conditioned or unconditioned on respiration. Interactions between cardiovascular and cerebrovascular regulatory systems were evaluated as well by performing correlation analysis between JSA indexes describing the two control systems. Heart period, systolic and mean arterial pressure, mean cerebral blood flow velocity and respiration were acquired…
Disentangling cardiovascular control mechanisms during head-down tilt via joint transfer entropy and self-entropy decompositions
A full decomposition of the predictive entropy (PE) of the spontaneous variations of the heart period (HP) given systolic arterial pressure (SAP) and respiration (R) is proposed. The PE of HP is decomposed into the joint transfer entropy (JTE) from SAP and R to HP and self-entropy (SE) of HP. The SE is the sum of three terms quantifying the synergistic/redundant contributions of HP and SAP, when taken individually and jointly, to SE and one term conditioned on HP and SAP denoted as the conditional SE (CSE) of HP given SAP and R. The JTE from SAP and R to HP is the sum of two terms attributable to SAP or R plus an extra term describing the redundant/synergistic contribution to the JTE. All q…
Synthesis, properties and X-ray crystal structure of schiff base organoimido complexes of rhenium(V)
Abstract Re(NR)Cl 3 (PPh 3 )( 2 (R = p-CH 3 C 6 H 4 , CH 3 ) react with polydentate ligands (LH = N-methyl-, N-phenyl-, N-tolyl-salicylideneimine, half, N,N′-ethylenebis-, half N,N′-propylenebis-(salicylideneimine), 8-hydroxyquinoline and LH 2 = N-2-hydroxyphenylsalicylideneimine) to yield complexes of the type Re(NR)Cl 2- (L)PPh 3 . With 8-hydroxyquinoline the bisubstituted Re(NR)Cl(L) 2 complexes are also obtained. The compounds were characterized by elemental analysis, molecular weight, and i.r. spectra. The crystal and molecular structures of two arylimido complexes, Re(p-CH 3 C 6 H 4 N)Cl 2 )RNCHC 6 H 4 O)PPh 3 with R = C 6 H 5 or CH 3 , were determined from X-ray crystallography base…
Effect of age on complexity and causality of the cardiovascular control: comparison between model-based and model-free approaches.
The proposed approach evaluates complexity of the cardiovascular control and causality among cardiovascular regulatory mechanisms from spontaneous variability of heart period (HP), systolic arterial pressure (SAP) and respiration (RESP). It relies on construction of a multivariate embedding space, optimization of the embedding dimension and a procedure allowing the selection of the components most suitable to form the multivariate embedding space. Moreover, it allows the comparison between linear model-based (MB) and nonlinear model-free (MF) techniques and between MF approaches exploiting local predictability (LP) and conditional entropy (CE). The framework was applied to study age-related…
Conditional Self-Entropy and Conditional Joint Transfer Entropy in Heart Period Variability during Graded Postural Challenge.
Self-entropy (SE) and transfer entropy (TE) are widely utilized in biomedical signal processing to assess the information stored into a system and transferred from a source to a destination respectively. The study proposes a more specific definition of the SE, namely the conditional SE (CSE), and a more flexible definition of the TE based on joint TE (JTE), namely the conditional JTE (CJTE), for the analysis of information dynamics in multivariate time series. In a protocol evoking a gradual sympathetic activation and vagal withdrawal proportional to the magnitude of the orthostatic stimulus, such as the graded head-up tilt, we extracted the beat-to-beat spontaneous variability of heart per…
Are nonlinear model-free conditional entropy approaches for the assessment of cardiac control complexity superior to the linear model-based one?
Objective : We test the hypothesis that the linear model-based (MB) approach for the estimation of conditional entropy (CE) can be utilized to assess the complexity of the cardiac control in healthy individuals. Methods : An MB estimate of CE was tested in an experimental protocol (i.e., the graded head-up tilt) known to produce a gradual decrease of cardiac control complexity as a result of the progressive vagal withdrawal and concomitant sympathetic activation. The MB approach was compared with traditionally exploited nonlinear model-free (MF) techniques such as corrected approximate entropy, sample entropy, corrected CE, two k -nearest-neighbor CE procedures and permutation CE. Electroca…