Moving Ahead from Assessments to Actions by Using Harmonized Risk Assessment Methodologies for Soil Degradation

Almost all developed countries use risk assessment methodologies (RAMs) for the evaluation of risks related to soil degradation, viz. soil organic matter decline, erosion, landslides, salinization and/or compaction. However and for various reasons, seldom the use of such RAMs seldom results in actual measures to combat soil degradation in practice. In this study the current status of RAMs in EU-27 was evaluated and factors hampering the implementation of action plans were explored. To do so we used a so-called risk assessment chain, which describes the five successive steps of any risk assessment for soil threats viz., (1) notion of the threat, (2) data collection, (3) data processing, (4) …

Synthese von N ‐Aminoacyl‐lactamen und ‐cyclopeptiden

Es werden neue Wege zur Synthese von N-Aminoacyl-lactamen und -cyclopeptiden angegeben, die zur Gewinnung mittelgroser Ringamide und auf dem Polyamidgebiet von Bedeutung sind. Fast quantitative Ausbeuten werden erhalten durch Acylierung von trimethylsilylierten Lactamen und Cyclopeptiden mit N-geschutzten Aminosaure- und Peptidchloriden oder durch Lactambildung aus aktivierten N-geschutzten Dipeptiden mit C-terminaler γ- oder δ-Aminosaure. Analog konnen auch O- bzw. S-geschutzte Hydroxy- und Mercaptoacyllactame gewonnen werden. — Die Acylierung der Amidgruppen linearer Peptide gelingt besonders glatt bei den Triphenylmethyl-Derivaten mit Hilfe von Saurechloriden, da die Schutzgruppe den abg…

The need for harmonizing methodologies for assessing soil threats in Europe

Central to the EU thematic strategy for soil protection is that areas affected by soil degradation through erosion, soil organic matter (SOM) decline, compaction, salinization and landslides should be identified in a clear and consistent way. However, the current methodologies to achieve this often differ and this can result in different perceptions of risks amongst EU Member States. The aims of this paper are to: (i) assess the current status of assessment methodologies in Europe (EU27) associated with erosion, SOM decline, compaction, salinization and landslides and (ii) discuss the issues associated with harmonization of these methodologies throughout the EU27. The need for harmonization…

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