Expert en visages

Mesure du déficit de reconnaissance des émotions faciales dans la schizophrénie. Étude préliminaire du test de reconnaissance des émotions faciales (TREF)

Resume L’alteration de la cognition sociale associee a la schizophrenie, dont fait partie la perception des emotions faciales, a fait l’objet d’une recente meta-analyse qui a revele son impact majeur sur l’insertion sociale et professionnelle. Or l’utilisation de programmes de remediation cognitive portant sur le traitement des emotions faciales est freinee par un manque d’outil permettant d’identifier et de quantifier les troubles pour un sujet donne. Le test de reconnaissance des emotions faciales (TREF) permet d’evaluer la capacite a reconnaitre 6 emotions universelles (joie, colere, tristesse, peur, degout et mepris), presentees a neuf intensites d’expression s’etalant de 20 % a 100 %. …

Three-month-old infants’ sensitivity to horizontal information within faces

Face the Hierarchy: ERP and Oscillatory Brain Responses in Social Rank Processing

International audience; Recognition of social hierarchy is a key feature that helps us navigate through our complex social environment. Neuroimaging studies have identified brain structures involved in the processing of hierarchical stimuli but the precise temporal dynamics of brain activity associated with such processing remains largely unknown. Here, we used electroencephalography to examine the effect of social hierarchy on neural responses elicited by faces. In contrast to previous studies, the key manipulation was that a hierarchical context was constructed, not by varying facial expressions, but by presenting neutral-expression faces in a game setting. Once the performance-based hier…

Affective matching of odors and facial expressions in infants: shifting patterns between 3 and 7 months.

Recognition of emotional facial expressions is a crucial skill for adaptive behavior. Past research suggests that at 5 to 7 months of age, infants look longer to an unfamiliar dynamic angry/happy face which emotionally matches a vocal expression. This suggests that they can match stimulations of distinct modalities on their emotional content. In the present study, olfaction-vision matching abilities were assessed across different age groups (3, 5 and 7 months) using dynamic expressive faces (happy vs. disgusted) and distinct hedonic odor contexts (pleasant, unpleasant and control) in a visual-preference paradigm. At all ages the infants were biased toward the disgust faces. This visual bias…

Facial emotion space in schizophrenia

Introduction. Previous studies show that patients with schizophrenia have a deficit in facial emotion recognition. In the framework of emotion categorisation theories, the purpose of the present study was to test if this impairment could result from abnormal boundaries between emotions (whether these boundaries are shifted along continuums or are less sharpened). Method. Twenty-six schizophrenic patients and the same number of healthy participants were required to perform a facial emotion recognition task and an emotion categorisation task with different emotion intensities obtained using morphing techniques. Results. The main results indicate that schizophrenic patients exhibited an emotio…

Matching emotional expressions of faces within an olfactory context: Does my own feeling matter?

Identity–expression interaction in face perception: Sex, visual field, and psychophysical factors

International audience; We investigated the psychophysical factors underlying the identity-emotion interaction in face perception. Visual field and sex were also taken into account. Participants had to judge whether a probe face, presented in either the left or the right visual field, and a central target face belonging to same person while emotional expression varied (Experiment 1) or to judge whether probe and target faces expressed the same emotion while identity was manipulated (Experiment 2). For accuracy we replicated the mutual facilitation effect between identity and emotion; no sex or hemispheric differences were found. Processing speed measurements, however, showed a lesser degree…

L'olfaction dans les transitions du développement précoce : données empiriques et implications cliniques

Sight sublimated by odors: effect of subliminal odors on facial emotion detection.

Schizophrénie et communication non verbale : un problème de décodage de l'expression faciale émotionnelle ?

National audience

Développement normal et pathologique de la reconnaissance des émotions faciales : vers une approche intermodale

Crossmodal associations between vision and olfaction: evidence from eye movements

I've got your nose, I know how you feel: odor effects on the visual processing of faces in 7 month-old infants

I've got your nose, I know how you feel: odor effects on the visual processing of faces in 7 month-old infants. 24. Annual Meeting of the European-Chemoreception-Research-Organization (ECRO)

Auditory attentional entrainment modulates the holistic perception of faces

When the smile is a cue to familiarity

International audience; The question discussed in the two following experiments concerns the effect of facial expressions on face recognition. Famous and unknown faces with neutral or smiling expression were presented for different inspection durations (15 ms vs 1000 ms). Subjects had to categorize these faces as famous or unknown (Experiment 1), or estimate their degree of familiarity on a rating scale (Experiment 2). Results showed that the smile increased ratings of familiarity for unfamiliar faces (Experiments 1 and 2) and for famous faces (Experiment 2). These data are discussed in the framework of current face-recognition models and are interpreted in terms of social value of the smil…

Reconnaissance de l’émotion faciale et schizophrénie

Resume La schizophrenie se caracterise par une large gamme de deficits dans les competences interpersonnelles. Une maniere d’aborder ces deficits consiste naturellement a explorer la capacite des patients schizophrenes a traiter des stimuli dont l’importance psychosociale est averee : les visages, par exemple. Il est aujourd’hui admis que les patients schizophrenes souffrent de difficultes importantes en matiere de reconnaissance et de discrimination faciales. Ces difficultes ont ete mises en evidence dans des paradigmes varies, incluant des tests de reconnaissance d’identite, d’emotion ou d’âge. L’etendue de ces troubles suggere l’alteration d’un mecanisme de traitement commun a tous les t…

The role of configural information in facial emotion recognition in schizophrenia

International audience; The schizophrenia deficit in facial emotion recognition could be accounted for by a deficit in processing the configural information of the face. The present experiment was designed to further test this hypothesis by studying the face-inversion effect in a facial emotion recognition task. The ability of 26 schizophrenic patients and 26 control participants to recognize facial emotions on upright and upside-down faces was assessed. Participants were told to state whether faces expressed one of six possible emotions (happiness, anger, disgust, fear, sadness, neutrality) in two sessions, one with upright faces and the other with upside-down faces. Discriminability and t…

Visual scanning behaviors of 8-month-old infants facing expressive faces

Visual scanning behaviors of 8-month-old infants facing expressive faces. 12. european congress of psychology

How is Visual Recognition Entrained by Auditory Background Rhythms?

AbstractRecent studies have reported that the oscillations of auditory attention entrained by a background rhythmic sequence can influence performance in visual recognition tasks. We have designed an experimental paradigm in which a visual item (either a bisyllabic word or a familiar face) is displayed on screen in two consecutive parts while a musical rhythm is played in the background. Depending on the timing conditions, the first or the second part of the item could be presented either in-synchrony or out-of-synchrony with the beats of the auditory rhythm. In a first series of experiments, participants performed a lexical decision task on bisyllabic 5-letter strings. Results show that wh…

Qualitative differences in the exploration of upright and upside-down faces in four-month-old infants : An eye-movement study

The goal of this study was to test if apprentice readers (6-7 to 7-8 years old) and beginner readers (8-9 to 10-11 years old) perceive syllabic units in written words. The paradigm of illusory conjunctions was used because it can determine the infra-lexical units identified at the first steps of the written stimuli process. Two experiments were conducted on children from the first (6-7 years old) to the last years (10-11 years old) of the learning-to-read process. Results have shown that children perceive syllables in letter sequences as soon as the end of the first year of the learning-to-read process. The perception of these units is the result of two information sources: the syllabic pho…

Expert en visages : confrontation des approches neuropsychologiques et développementales

Nous aborderons la question de l'origine de l'expertise en visages en confrontant les données neuropsychologiques et développementales. L'accent sera porté principalement sur les difficultés des patients schizophrènes ainsi que celles des patients présentant un syndrome de Williams et Beuren. Les difficultés de ces patients seront mises en parallèle avec le développement des capacités le traitement de l'information faciale chez l'enfant. Nous conclurons notre exposé en abordant la question du rôle de l'exploration visuelle active lors du traitement des visages, en présentant des données oculomotrices récentes enregistrées chez des bébés exposés à des visages exprimant différentes émotions.

Three-month-old infants’ sensitivity to horizontal information within faces

Horizontal information is crucial to face processing in adults. Yet the ontogeny of this preferential type of processing remains unknown. To clarify this issue, we tested 3-month-old infants' sensitivity to horizontal information within faces. Specifically, infants were exposed to the simultaneous presentation of a face and a car presented in upright or inverted orientation while their looking behavior was recorded. Face and car images were either broadband (UNF) or filtered to only reveal horizontal (H), vertical (V) or this combined information (HV). As expected, infants looked longer at upright faces than at upright cars, but critically, only when horizontal information was preserved in …

Exploration oculaire du visage chez le très jeune enfant : une approche qualitative

Selective attention to facial identity and emotion in children

Three age groups of participants (6–8 years, 9–11 years, adults) performed two tasks: A face recognition task and a Garner task. In the face recognition task, the participants were presented with 20 faces and then had to recognize them among 20 new faces. In the Garner tasks, the participants had to sort, as fast as possible, the photographs of two persons expressing two emotions by taking into account only one of the two dimensions (identity or emotion). When the sorting task was on one dimension, the other dimension was varied either in a correlated, a constant or an orthogonal way in distinct subsessions. The results indicated an increase in face recognition abilities. They also showed a…

Symmetry, averageness, and feature size in the facial attractiveness of women

International audience; Female facial attractiveness was investigated by comparing the ratings made by male judges with the metric characteristics of female faces. Three kinds of facial characteristics were considered: facial symmetry, averageness, and size of individual features. The results suggested that female face attractiveness is greater when the face is symmetrical, is close to the average, and has certain features (e.g., large eyes, prominent cheekbones, thick lips, thin eyebrows, and a small nose and chin). Nevertheless, the detrimental effect of asymmetry appears to result solely from the fact that an asymmetrical face is a face that deviates from the norm. In addition, a factor …

Les manifestations cognitives et psychiatriques : études sur l'expression faciale

Emotions et cognitions sociales entre psychiatrie et neurologie

Age differences in olfactory affective responses: evidence for a positivity effect and an emotional dedifferentiation

International audience; Studies on aging and hedonic judgment of odors have never been addressed within the empirical frameworks of age-related changes in emotion which state that advancing age is associated with a reduced negativity bias and a less pronounced differentiation between hedonic valence and emotional intensity judgments. Our aim was to examine and extend these age-related effects into the field of odors. Thirty-eight younger adults and 40 older adults were asked to evaluate the hedonic valence, emotional intensity, and familiarity of 50 odors controlled for their pleasantness. Compared to younger adults, older adults rated unpleasant odorants as less unpleasant and showed an in…

Mémoire en vue de l’obtention de l’Habilitation à Diriger des Recherches

Compensatory strategies in processing facial emotions: evidence from prosopagnosia.

We report data on the processing of facial emotion in a prosopagnosic patient (H.J.A.). H.J.A. was relatively accurate at discriminating happy from angry upright faces, but he performed at chance when the faces were inverted. Furthermore, with upright faces there was no configural interference effect on emotion judgements, when face parts expressing different emotions were aligned to express a new emergent emotion. We propose that H.J.A.'s emotion judgements relied on local rather than on configural information, and this local information was disrupted by inversion. A compensatory strategy, based on processing local face parts, can be sufficient to process at least some facial emotions.

The time course of facial expression processing modulation by the olfactory context: an ERP study

Configural information in gender categorisation.

International audience; The role of configural information in gender categorisation was Studied by aligning the top half of one face with the bottom half of another. The two faces had the same or different genders. Experiment I shows that participants were slower and made more errors in categorising the gender in either half of these composite faces when the two faces had a different gender, relative to control conditions where the two faces were nonaligned or had the same gender. This result parallels the composite effect for face recognition (Young et al. 1987 Perception 16 747 - 759) and facial-expression recognition (Calder et al. 2000 Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perceptio…

Visual exploration patterns of 8 month-old infants discriminate facial expressions of emotion

The Development of Perceptual Sensitivity to Second-Order Facial Relations in Children

This study investigated children's perceptual ability to process second-order facial relations. In total, 78 children in three age groups (7, 9, and 11 years) and 28 adults were asked to say whether the eyes were the same distance apart in two side-by-side faces. The two faces were similar on all points except the space between the eyes, which was either the same or different, with various degrees of difference. The results showed that the smallest eye spacing children were able to discriminate decreased with age. This ability was sensitive to face orientation (upright or upside-down), and this inversion effect increased with age. It is concluded here that, despite early sensitivity to conf…

Mimicking emotions: how 3–12-month-old infants use the facial expressions and eyes of a model

International audience; While there is an extensive literature on the tendency to mimic emotional expressions in adults, it is unclear how this skill emerges and develops over time. Specifically, it is unclear whether infants mimic discrete emotion-related facial actions, whether their facial displays are moderated by contextual cues and whether infants’ emotional mimicry is constrained by developmental changes in the ability to discriminate emotions. We therefore investigate these questions using Baby-FACS to code infants’ facial displays and eye-movement tracking to examine infants’ looking times at facial expressions. Three-, 7-, and 12-month-old participants were exposed to dynamic faci…

Reconnaître l'expression faciale émotionnelle ; une approche pluridisciplinaire des difficultés rencontrées dans différentes populations

La capacité de reconnaître l’état émotionnel d’autrui à partir de son expression faciale joue un rôle important dans la régulation des interactions interindividuelles. Nous présenterons une série d’études où cette capacité a été étudié dans différentes populations, soit qu’elle soit en cours de développement (chez l’enfant), soit qu’elle soit altérée (dans la schizophrénie et le syndrome de Williams). Nous verrons comment la confrontation de ces populations permet de mieux comprendre les difficultés de chacune.

Visual exploration and discrimination of emotional facial expressions in 3-, 7- and 12-month-old infants

The first year of life is critical in the development of the abilities to process facial expressions. Numerous studies have investigated discrimination and categorization of distinct facial expressions of emotion. However, infants' visual exploratory strategies of these facial expressions and their developmental paths remain unclear. The perfection of eye movement tracking systems makes now the detailed analysis of facial exploration of faces feasible, and hence facilitates the identification of the features in facial expressions which infants focus on. In this study, oculometric parameters of 3- (n=36), 7- (n=66) and 12-month-old infants (n=59) were collected while facial expressions were …

Ce qui est beau est bien... Psycho-socio-biologie de la beauté

Facial attractiveness is an important element of social life. A large body of research in social psychology has shown that attractive persons enjoy many advantages that unattractive persons do not have (see Eagly et al., 1991). This well-known stereotype, described by social psychologists as the “What is beautiful is good prototype” (Dion et al., 1972), mainly applies to the formation of first impressions, but it can also extend into less superficial interactions. Until recently, beauty was considered to lie “in the eyes of the beholder”. In that sense, a person’s physical appearance is not the main aspect of his/her attractiveness. However, many studies have reported substantial agreement,…

Comparison of RK and confidence judgement ROCs in recognition memory.

author cannot archive publisher's version/PDF; International audience; Several indicators have been used to differentiate familiarity and recollection processes. One dualist theory stipulates that it is possible to decide whether memories come from a feeling of knowing or from a conscious retrieval of the encoding and storage conditions (remembering). Another dualist theory is based on an indirect estimation of familiarity and recollection via the subjective confidence associated with recognition responses, and from an analysis of the derived receiver operating characteristics (ROC). In the present study, participants were presented with target words or faces that they subsequently had to r…

Production d'émotions faciales dans la schizophrénie

La schizophrénie s’accompagne très souvent d’un déficit au niveau de l’expression, du ressenti et de la reconnaissance des émotions d’autrui. À ce jour, il n’y a pas d’explication au niveau cérébral de la diminution de l’expressivité faciale chez les sujets schizophrènes. Dans la schizophrénie, le symptôme émoussement affectif impliquerait une diminution de l’expérience émotionnelle or certaines études ont conclu que les patients rapportent avoir eu la même expérience émotionnelle que des sujets témoins. Il existerait donc une dissociation entre l’expressivité faciale et le ressenti des émotions chez les sujets atteints de schizophrénie. Au-delà d’un déficit dans la reconnaissance des expre…

The olfactory context affects facial expression processing: An ERP study

The development of facial emotion recognition: The role of configural information

International audience; The development of children's ability to recognize facial emotions and the role of configural information in this development were investigated. In the study, 100 5-, 7-, 9-, and 11-year-olds and 26 adults needed to recognize the emotion displayed by upright and upside-down faces. The same participants needed to recognize the emotion displayed by the top half of an upright or upside-down face that was or was not aligned with a bottom half that displayed another emotion. The results showed that the ability to recognize facial emotion develops with age, with a developmental course that depends on the emotion to be recognized. Moreover, children at all ages and adults e…