Effects of exercise and diet interventions on obesity-related sleep disorders in men: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial.

Abstract Background Sleep is essential for normal and healthy living. Lack of good quality sleep affects physical, mental and emotional functions. Currently, the treatments of obesity-related sleep disorders focus more on suppressing sleep-related symptoms pharmaceutically and are often accompanied by side effects. Thus, there is urgent need for alternative ways to combat chronic sleep disorders. This study will investigate underlying mechanisms of the effects of exercise and diet intervention on obesity-related sleep disorders, the role of gut microbiota in relation to poor quality of sleep and day-time sleepiness, as well as the levels of hormones responsible for sleep-wake cycle regulati…

Body composition and molecular reflections of obesity-related cardio-metabolic disorders : a cross-sectional and longitudinal study in women

A randomized controlled trial for response of microbiome network to exercise and diet intervention in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

AbstractExercise and diet are treatments for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and prediabetes, however, how exercise and diet interventions impact gut microbiota in patients is incompletely understood. We previously reported a 8.6-month, four-arm (Aerobic exercise, n = 29; Diet, n = 28; Aerobic exercise + Diet, n = 29; No intervention, n = 29) randomized, singe blinded (for researchers), and controlled intervention in patients with NAFLD and prediabetes to assess the effect of interventions on the primary outcomes of liver fat content and glucose metabolism. Here we report the third primary outcome of the trial—gut microbiota composition—in participants who completed the trial (22 i…

Effects of exercise and dietary interventions on serum metabolites in men with insomnia symptoms: A 6-month randomized controlled trial

Abstract Accumulating evidence show that exercise and diet interventions are associated with improved sleep quality. Studies investigating the effects of exercise and dieting on circulating metabolomics in people with sleep disorders, particularly insomnia, are scarce. This 6-month randomized study aimed to assess the effects of exercise and dietary interventions on serum metabolites in men with insomnia symptoms. Seventy-two Finnish men (age: 51.6 ± 10.1 years) with chronic insomnia symptoms who were assigned to different intervention groups completed this study (exercise, n = 24; diet, n = 27; and control, n = 21). The Shapiro-Wilk W-test, Levene test, Spearman correlation analysis, and a…

The effects of muscle mass and muscle quality on cardio-metabolic risk in peripubertal girls: a longitudinal study from childhood to early adulthood.

Increased cardio-metabolic risk is well documented in children and adolescents with obesity and normal weight obesity (NWO). However, the associations of muscle mass and muscle quality with cardio-metabolic risk, independent of weight status from childhood to adulthood, has not been examined. A total of 236 girls were followed from pre-puberty to early adulthood. Fat mass (FM) and lean mass (LM) of the whole body were assessed by a dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry; muscle cross-sectional area (mCSA), muscle density (mDen; skeletal muscle fat content) of the lower leg by the peripheral quantitative computerized tomography; and blood glucose, insulin, triglycerides and high-density lipoprotei…

Additional file 2: of DNA methylation links prenatal smoking exposure to later life health outcomes in offspring

Characteristics of the participants based on exposure to maternal smoking during pregnancy in the ALSPAC studies. (DOCX 13 kb)

Serum osteocalcin is not associated with glucose but is inversely associated with leptin across generations of nondiabetic women.

The skeleton is recognized as an important player in energy metabolism through its interactions with other tissues. Whether the association of osteocalcin with glucose metabolism is age dependent has not been fully addressed.The objective of the study was to examine the age-specific association between different forms of osteocalcin and glucose and adipokines.This was a family-based study across three generations.The study was conducted at a university laboratory.Sixty-four daughter-premenopausal mother-maternal grandmother trios participated in the study.Fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations, serum total (tOC), carboxylated (cOC), and uncarboxylated (ucOC = tOC - cOC) osteocalc…

The Association between Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Gut Microbiota Composition in Premenopausal Women

Abstract The aim of this study was to investigate the association between cardiorespiratory fitness and gut microbiota composition in premenopausal women. The participants consisted of 71 premenopausal Finnish women (aged 19–49 years). Gut microbiota were analyzed using flow cytometry, 16S rRNA gene hybridization and DNA-staining. Maximum oxygen uptake (VO₂ₘₐₓ) was assessed by respiratory gas analyzer and body composition by Bioimpdance. We found that participants with low VO₂ₘₐₓ had lower Bacteroides, but higher Eubacterium rectale-Clostridium coccoides than the high VO₂ₘₐₓ group (p < 0.05 for all). VO₂ₘₐₓ was inversely associated with EreC (r = −0.309, p = 0.01) but not with other bact…

Does Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Influence Muscle Development during Puberty in Girls? - A 7-Year Longitudinal Study

Vitamin D is well known for its regulatory role in calcium and phosphate homeostasis, but its role in muscle mass and strength during growth remains inconclusive. We explored the association of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) with muscle development in girls from 11 to 18-years old. Whole body lean tissue mass (LMWB), appendicular lean mass (aLM), muscle cross-sectional area at the lower leg (mCSA), maximal voluntary contraction of elbow flexors (MVC elbow) and knee extensors (MVC knee) were assessed in 217 girls aged 10-13 years (at baseline), 215 in 2-year and 226 in 7.5-year follow-up. Serum concentration of 25(OH)D and intact parathyroid hormone (PTH) were analyzed retrospectively a…

Towards early risk biomarkers: serum metabolic signature in childhood predicts cardio-metabolic risk in adulthood

Summary: Background: Cardiovascular diseases may originate in childhood. Biomarkers identifying individuals with increased risk for disease are needed to support early detection and to optimise prevention strategies. Methods: In this prospective study, by applying a machine learning to high throughput NMR-based metabolomics data, we identified circulating childhood metabolic predictors of adult cardiovascular disease risk (MetS score) in a cohort of 396 females, followed from childhood (mean age 11·2 years) to early adulthood (mean age 18·1 years). The results obtained from the discovery cohort were validated in a large longitudinal birth cohort of females and males followed from puberty to…

Additional file 6: of DNA methylation links prenatal smoking exposure to later life health outcomes in offspring

CpG sites and their association with methylation in the ARIES cord blood data. (DOCX 14 kb)

PO-279 Bidirectional Associations Between Physical Activity and Adiposity From Childhood to Early Adulthood

Objective Inverse association between physical activity and adiposity in children and adolescents have been documented in numerous studies. However, few studies have examined the direction of causation between these two variables. We aimed to examine the prospective bidirectional associations between physical activity and adiposity from childhood to early adulthood.
 Methods A total of 396 girls (mean age, 11.2 years at baseline) participated in a longitudinal study with 1, 2, 4, and 7 year follow-ups. Body height and weight were measured, body composition was assessed by DXA and BMI and fat mass index (FMI) were calculated. Leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) and physical inactivity…

Interactive effects of aging and aerobic capacity on energy metabolism-related metabolites of serum, skeletal muscle, and white adipose tissue

ABSTRACTAerobic capacity is a strong predictor of longevity. With aging, aerobic capacity decreases concomitantly with changes in whole body metabolism leading to increased disease risk. To address the role of aerobic capacity, aging and their interaction on metabolism, we utilized rat models of low and high intrinsic aerobic capacity (LCRs/HCRs) and assessed the metabolomics of serum, muscle, and white adipose tissue (WAT). We compared LCRs and HCRs at two time points: Young rats were sacrificed at 9 months, and old rats were sacrificed at 21 months. Targeted and semi-quantitative metabolomics analysis was performed on ultra-pressure Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry (UPLC-MS)…

Are skeletal muscle FNDC5 expression and irisin release regulated by exercise and related to health?

Recently, contradictory findings have been reported concerning the function of irisin and its precursor gene, skeletal muscle FNDC5, in energy homeostasis, and the associated regulatory role of exercise and PGC-1α. We therefore evaluated whether muscle FNDC5 mRNA and serum irisin are exercise responsive and whether PGC-1α expression is associated with FNDC5 expression. The male subjects in the study performed single exercises: (1) 1 h low-intensity aerobic exercise (AE) (middle-aged, n= 17), (2) a heavy-intensity resistance exercise (RE) bout (young n= 10, older n= 11) (27 vs. 62 years), (3) long-term 21 weeks endurance exercise (EE) training alone (twice a week, middle-aged, n= 9), or (4) …

Cardiorespiratory Fitness, Physical Activity, and Insulin Resistance in Children

Purpose Few studies have investigated the independent and joint associations of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and body fat percentage (BF%) with insulin resistance in children. We investigated the independent and combined associations of CRF and BF% with fasting glycemia and insulin resistance and their interactions with physical activity (PA) and sedentary time among 452 children age 6 to 8 yr. Methods We assessed CRF with a maximal cycle ergometer exercise test and used allometrically scaled maximal power output (Wmax) for lean body mass (LM) and body mass (BM) as measures of CRF. The BF% and LM were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, fasting glycemia by fasting plasma glucos…

Women With and Without Metabolic Disorder Differ in Their Gut Microbiota Composition

The aim of this study was to investigate whether overweight/obese women in metabolic disorder group (MDG, n = 27) differ in their gut microbiota composition from overweight/obese women in non-metabolic disorder group (NMDG, n = 47) and normal weight women group (NWG, n = 11). Gut microbiota was profiled from fecal samples by 16S rRNA fluorescence in situ hybridization and flow cytometry in 85 premenopausal women. Body composition was measured by bioimpedance, and dietary intakes were collected via food diaries. Standard procedures were used to assess plasma glucose, serum insulin, lipids, and inflammatory status. We found that the proportion of bacteria belonging to Eubacterium rectale-Clos…

Effect of aerobic exercise and low carbohydrate diet on pre-diabetic non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in postmenopausal women and middle aged men - the role of gut microbiota composition

Background Pre-diabetes and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are associated with an unhealthy lifestyle and pose extremely high costs to the healthcare system. In this study, we aim to explore whether individualized aerobic exercise (AEx) and low carbohydrate diet (LCh) intervention affect hepatic fat content (HFC) in pre-diabetes via modification of gut microbiota composition and other post-interventional effects. Methods/design A 6-month randomized intervention with 6-month follow-up is conducted from January 2013 to December 2015. The target sample size for intervention is 200 postmenopausal women and middle-aged men aged 50–65 year-old with pre-diabetes and NAFLD. The qualified…

PO-185 Lifestyle intervention modify DNA methylation of adipose tissue in overweight and obese men with insomnia symptoms

Objective To study whether diet and exercise intervention affect sleep and obesity-related genes’ DNA methylation in overweight and obese men with insomnia symptoms
 Methods The study participants were a subgroup of a large intervention and consisted of 10 overweight or obesity men aged 34-65 years with insomnia symptoms. They participated in a 6-month progressive aerobic exercise training and individualized dietary consoling program and were randomly selected from diet (n=4), exercise (n=3) and control (n=3) groups. Body composition included fat mass and lean mass in the whole body and abdominal android region were assessed by dual-energy X-ray densitometry. The fitness level (VO2max)…

Serum Amino Acid Profiles in Childhood Predict Triglyceride Level in Adulthood: A 7-Year Longitudinal Study in Girls.

AbstractContext:Branched-chain and aromatic amino acids are associated with high risk of developing dyslipidemia and type II diabetes in adults.Objective:This study aimed to examine whether serum amino acid profiles associate with triglyceride concentrations during pubertal growth and predict hypertriglyceridemia in early adulthood.Design:This was a 7.5-year longitudinal study.Setting:The study was conducted at the Health Science Laboratory, University of Jyväskylä.Participants:A total of 396 nondiabetic Finnish girls aged 11.2 ± 0.8 years at the baseline participated in the study.Main Outcome Measures:Body composition was assessed by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry; serum concentrations o…

Branched-Chain and Aromatic Amino Acids Are Associated With Insulin Resistance During Pubertal Development in Girls.

Cross-sectional studies in children show branched-chain and aromatic amino acids are associated with insulin resistance, but whether these associations persist from childhood to adulthood is not known. This study aimed to assess whether circulating amino acids associate with insulin resistance during pubertal development.This was a 7.5-year longitudinal study from childhood to early adulthood. A total of 396 nondiabetic Finnish girls aged 11.2 ± .8 years at baseline participated in the study which was conducted at the Health Science Laboratory, University of Jyväskylä. Serum concentrations of glucose and insulin were determined by enzymatic photometric methods and amino acids by nuclear mag…

Effects of exercise and dietary intervention on serum metabolites in men with insomnia symptoms : a 6-month randomized-controlled trial

Accumulating evidence show that exercise and diet interventions are associated with improved sleep quality. Studies investigating the effects of exercise and dieting on circulating metabolomics in people with sleep disorders, particularly insomnia, are scarce. The present study is a part of a 6-month randomized lifestyle intervention on sleep disorder subjects. Seventy-two Finnish men (aged: 51.6 ± 10.1 years) with chronic insomnia symptoms who were assigned into different intervention groups completed this study (exercise n = 24, diet n = 27 and control n = 21). We found exercise and diet intervention were associated with improved sleep quality and a number of metabolites across different …

Towards early risk biomarkers: serum metabolic signature in childhood predicts cardio-metabolic risk in adulthood

AbstractCardiovascular diseases have their origin in childhood. Early biomarkers identifying individuals with increased risk for disease are needed to support early detection and to optimize prevention strategies. By applying machine learning approach on high throughput NMR-based metabolomics data, we identified metabolic predictors of cardiovascular risk in circulation in a cohort of 396 females, followed from childhood (mean age 11.2 years) to early adulthood (mean age 18.1 years). The identified childhood metabolic signature included three circulating biomarkers robustly associating with increased cardiovascular risk in early adulthood (AUC = 0.641 to 0.802, all p<0.01). These associa…

Additional file 4: of DNA methylation links prenatal smoking exposure to later life health outcomes in offspring

Paternal smoking-adjusted association results of exposure to maternal smoking during pregnancy and offspring peripheral blood DNA methylation for the top CpG sites. (DOCX 14 kb)

Insulin resistance is associated with altered amino acid metabolism and adipose tissue dysfunction in normoglycemic women

AbstractInsulin resistance is associated adiposity, but the mechanisms are not fully understood. In this study, we aimed to identify early metabolic alterations associated with insulin resistance in normoglycemic women with varying degree of adiposity. One-hundred and ten young and middle-aged women were divided into low and high IR groups based on their median HOMA-IR (0.9 ± 0.4 vs. 2.8 ± 1.2). Body composition was assessed using DXA, skeletal muscle and liver fat by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy, serum metabolites by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and adipose tissue and skeletal muscle gene expression by microarrays. High HOMA-IR subjects had higher serum branched-chain …

Additional file 7: of DNA methylation links prenatal smoking exposure to later life health outcomes in offspring

Effect sizes and their 95% confidence intervals of each available SNP-CpG association across different time points in the ARIES data. (DOCX 108 kb)

Is bone loss the reversal of bone accrual? Evidence from a cross-sectional study in daughter-mother-grandmother trios.

Bone adapts to mechanical loads applied on it. During aging, loads decrease to a greater extent at those skeletal sites where loads increase most in earlier life. Thus, the loss of bone may occur preferentially at sites where most bone has been deposited previously; ie, bone loss could be the directional reversal of accrual. To test this hypothesis, we compared the bone mass distribution at weight-bearing (tibia) and non-weight-bearing (radius) bones among 18-year-old girls, their premenopausal mothers, and their postmenopausal maternal grandmothers. Bone and muscle properties were measured by pQCT, and polar distribution of bone mass was obtained in 55 girl-mother–maternal grandmother trio…

Adipocytes as a Link Between Gut Microbiota-Derived Flagellin and Hepatocyte Fat Accumulation

While the role of both elevated levels of circulating bacterial cell wall components and adipose tissue in hepatic fat accumulation has been recognized, it has not been considered that the bacterial components-recognizing adipose tissue receptors contribute to the hepatic fat content. In this study we found that the expression of adipose tissue bacterial flagellin (FLG)-recognizing Toll-like receptor (TLR) 5 associated with liver fat content (r = 0.699, p = 0.003) and insulin sensitivity (r = -0.529, p = 0.016) in humans (n = 23). No such associations were found for lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-recognizing TLR4. To study the underlying molecular mechanisms of these associations, human HepG2 he…

Effects of aerobic exercise on home-based sleep among overweight and obese men with chronic insomnia symptoms: a randomized controlled trial

Objective: To determine the effect of a six-month aerobic exercise program on home-based sleep quality among overweight and obese men with chronic insomnia symptoms. Methods: Participants were 45 Finnish men (93% had body mass index >= 25) aged 30-65 years, with chronic months) insomnia symptoms as classified by the DSM-IV criteria. Participants were randomized into an exercise (n = 24) or control group (n = 21). The exercise group received six-month aerobic exercise intervention with one to five sessions per week of 30-60 minutes duration. The control group was instructed to maintain habitual lifestyle behaviors during the study period. Seven-night home sleep was measured with a piezoelect…

Additional file 6: of DNA methylation links prenatal smoking exposure to later life health outcomes in offspring

CpG sites and their association with methylation in the ARIES cord blood data. (DOCX 14 kb)

Effect of exercise and dietary intervention on serum metabolomics in men with insomnia symptoms: a 6-month randomized-controlled trial

AbstractBackgroundAccumulating evidences have shown that lifestyle interventions such as exercise and diet are associated with improved sleep quality. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. Assessing exercise and diet intervention associated changes in circulating metabolomics profile in people with insomnia symptoms may help to identify molecular biomarkers that may link lifestyle changes to improved sleep outcomes.MethodsThe present study is a part of a 6-month randomized lifestyle intervention on sleep disorder subjects. Seventy-two Finnish men (aged: 51.6 ± 10.1 years; body mass index, BMI: 29.3 ± 3.9 kg/m2) with chronic insomnia symptoms who were assigned into dif…

Metabolic response to 6-week aerobic exercise training and dieting in previously sedentary overweight and obese pre-menopausal women: A randomized trial

AbstractBackground: The aim of this study was to compare 6 weeks short-term moderate intensity aerobic exercise and dieting on serum metabolomicsand cardio-metabolic risk factors in pre-menopausal women.Methods: Ninety previously inactive overweight and obese (BMI 25e35 kg/m 2 ) women (age 41.5 7.6 years) were randomized to either a6-week Nordic walking exercise program (EX, n ¼ 45) or dietary counseling group (DI, n ¼ 45). Body composition, serum glucose, insulin andlipids were measured. Serum low-molecular-weight metabolites and lipid constituents were analyzed by nuclear magnetic resonance spec-troscopy. Measurements were done at baseline and 7 days after the last training session.Result…

Prolonged breast-feeding protects mothers from later-life obesity and related cardio-metabolic disorders

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate the long-term effects of duration of postpartum lactation on maternal body composition and risk for cardio-metabolic disorders in later life.DesignRetrospective study. Body composition was measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and serum glucose, insulin and lipids were analysed using enzymatic photometric methods 16–20 years after the last pregnancy. Medical history and lifestyle factors were collected via a self-administered questionnaire. Detailed information regarding weight change patterns during each pregnancy was obtained from personal maternity tracking records.SettingCity of Jyväskylä and surroundings in Central Finland.SubjectsTwo hundred a…

Concerted actions of insulin-like growth factor 1, testosterone, and estradiol on peripubertal bone growth: a 7-year longitudinal study.

A better understanding of how bone growth is regulated during peripuberty is important for optimizing the attainment of peak bone mass and for the prevention of osteoporosis in later life. In this report we used hierarchical models to evaluate the associations of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), estradiol (E(2) ), and testosterone (T) with peripubertal bone growth in a 7-year longitudinal study. Two-hundred and fifty-eight healthy girls were assessed at baseline (mean age 11.2 years) and at 1, 2, 3.5, and 7 years. Serum concentrations of IGF-1, E(2) , and T were determined. Musculoskeletal properties in the left lower leg were measured using peripheral quantitative computed tomography …

Association of leisure time physical activity and NMR-detected circulating amino acids in peripubertal girls: A 7.5-year longitudinal study

AbstractThis study investigated the longitudinal associations of physical activity and circulating amino acids concentration in peripubertal girls. Three hundred ninety-six Finnish girls participated in the longitudinal study from childhood (mean age 11.2 years) to early adulthood (mean age 18.2 years). Circulating amino acids were assessed by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. LTPA was assessed by self-administered questionnaire. We found that isoleucine, leucine and tyrosine levels were significantly higher in individuals with lower LTPA than their peers at age 11 (p < 0.05 for all), independent of BMI. In addition, isoleucine and leucine levels increased significantly (~15%) fro…

Adipose Tissue Dysfunction and Altered Systemic Amino Acid Metabolism Are Associated with Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Article

Association of maternal prenatal smoking GFI1-locus and cardio-metabolic phenotypes in 18,212 adults

Background: DNA methylation at the GFI1-locus has been repeatedly associated with exposure to smoking from the foetal period onwards. We explored whether DNA methylation may be a mechanism that links exposure to maternal prenatal smoking with offspring's adult cardio-metabolic health.Methods: We meta-analysed the association between DNA methylation at GFI1-locus with maternal prenatal smoking, adult own smoking, and cardio-metabolic phenotypes in 22 population-based studies from Europe, Australia, and USA (n= 18,212). DNA methylation at the GFI1-locus was measured in whole-blood. Multivariable regression models were fitted to examine its association with exposure to prenatal and own adult s…

Effect of Six-Month Diet Intervention on Sleep among Overweight and Obese Men with Chronic Insomnia Symptoms : A Randomized Controlled Trial

Growing evidence suggests that diet alteration affects sleep, but this has not yet been studied in adults with insomnia symptoms. We aimed to determine the effect of a six-month diet intervention on sleep among overweight and obese (Body mass index, BMI >= 25 kg/m(2)) men with chronic insomnia symptoms. Forty-nine men aged 30-65 years with chronic insomnia symptoms were randomized into diet (n = 28) or control (n = 21) groups. The diet group underwent a six-month individualized diet intervention with three face-to-face counseling sessions and online supervision 1-3 times per week; 300-500 kcal/day less energy intake and optimized nutrient composition were recommended. Controls were instruct…

Additional file 4: of DNA methylation links prenatal smoking exposure to later life health outcomes in offspring

Paternal smoking-adjusted association results of exposure to maternal smoking during pregnancy and offspring peripheral blood DNA methylation for the top CpG sites. (DOCX 14 kb)

Additional file 5: of DNA methylation links prenatal smoking exposure to later life health outcomes in offspring

Mediation analysis examining the mediated effect of maternal smoking during pregnancy on schizophrenia-related personality traits and inflammatory bowel syndrome in the NFBC 1966 cohort. (DOCX 15 kb)

Are skeletal muscleFNDC5gene expression and irisin release regulated by exercise and related to health?

Recently, contradictory findings have been reported concerning the function of irisin and its precursor gene, skeletal muscle FNDC5, in energy homeostasis, and the associated regulatory role of exercise and PGC-1α. We therefore evaluated whether muscle FNDC5 mRNA and serum irisin are exercise responsive and whether PGC-1α expression is associated with FNDC5 expression. The male subjects in the study performed single exercises: (1) 1 h low-intensity aerobic exercise (AE) (middle-aged, n = 17), (2) a heavy-intensity resistance exercise (RE) bout (young n = 10, older n = 11) (27 vs. 62 years), (3) long-term 21 weeks endurance exercise (EE) training alone (twice a week, middle-aged, n = 9), or …

Effect of aerobic exercise and diet on liver fat in pre-diabetic patients with non-alcoholic-fatty-liver-disease: A randomized controlled trial.

AbstractThe study aimed to assess whether aerobic exercise (AEx) training and a fibre-enriched diet can reduce hepatic fat content (HFC) and increase glycaemic control in pre-diabetic patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Six-hundred-and-three patients from seven clinics in Yangpu district, Shanghai, China were recruited. Of them 115 individuals aged 50–65-year fulfilled the inclusion criteria (NAFLD with impaired fasting glucose or impaired glucose tolerance) and were randomly assigned into exercise (AEx n = 29), diet (Diet n = 28), exercise plus diet (AED n = 29), or no-intervention (NI n = 29) groups. Progressive supervised AEx training (60–75% VO2max intensity) was gi…

Exercise, the endocannabinoid system and metabolic health

As obesity and associated metabolic disorders, such as type 2 diabetes and dyslipidemia, are becoming one of the most serious health problems worldwide, development of effective therapies is a high priority. In the search for treatments, the recently discovered endocannabinoid system (ECS) has begun to garner attention, and a wealth of research is now focusing on this unique neuromodulatory system named after the plant that led to its discovery. The ECS consists of G protein-coupled cannabinoid receptors (CB1 and CB2), their endogenous lipid-derived ligands (endocannabinoids, N-arachidonoylethanolamine, named anandamide (AEA) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG)) and the enzymes for ligand syn…

Fat oxidation at rest and during exercise in male monozygotic twins

Abstract Purpose We aimed to investigate if hereditary factors, leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) and metabolic health interact with resting fat oxidation (RFO) and peak fat oxidation (PFO) during ergometer cycling. Methods We recruited 23 male monozygotic twin pairs (aged 32–37 years) and determined their RFO and PFO with indirect calorimetry for 21 and 19 twin pairs and for 43 and 41 twin individuals, respectively. Using physical activity interviews and the Baecke questionnaire, we identified 10 twin pairs as LTPA discordant for the past 3 years. Of the twin pairs, 8 pairs participated in both RFO and PFO measurements, and 2 pairs participated in either of the measurements. We quantif…

Additional file 3: of DNA methylation links prenatal smoking exposure to later life health outcomes in offspring

Characteristics of the participants based on exposure to maternal smoking during pregnancy in the IOWBC. (DOCX 12 kb)

Normal-weight obesity and cardiometabolic risk : A 7-year longitudinal study in girls from prepuberty to early adulthood

Objective: To study whether normal-weight obesity in childhood is associated with increased cardiometabolic risk in early adulthood. Methods: This study assessed data for 236 girls followed from prepuberty to early adulthood. Growth chart data were obtained from birth to 18 years. Body composition was assessed by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry and cardiometabolic risk by calculating continuous clustered risk score (at ages 11, 14, and 18). The association of body weight status with cardiometabolic risk from childhood to early adulthood was examined. Results: Subjects with normal-weight obesity were virtually indistinguishable from their normal-weight lean peers in terms of relative body w…

Additional file 1: of DNA methylation links prenatal smoking exposure to later life health outcomes in offspring

Characteristics of the participants based on exposure to maternal smoking during pregnancy in the NFBC cohorts. (DOCX 14 kb)

Timing of Exercise Affects Glycemic Control in Type 2 Diabetes Patients Treated with Metformin

Objective. The purpose of the study was to examine the acute effects of the timing of exercise on the glycemic control during and after exercise in T2D. Methods. This study included 26 T2D patients (14 women and 12 men) who were treated with metformin. All patients were tested on four occasions: metformin administration alone (Metf), high-intensity interval training (HIIT) performed at 30 minutes (EX30), 60 minutes (EX60), and 90 minutes (EX90) postbreakfast, respectively. Glucose, insulin, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity were examined. Results. Glucose decreased significantly after the exercise in EX30, EX60, and EX90. Compared with Metf, the decline in glucose immediately after th…

Effects of aerobic exercise and diet intervention on glycaemic control and liver fat content in men and women aged 50–65 years with prediabetes and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a multicentre, randomised controlled trial

Abstract Background Prediabetes and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease precede development of type 2 diabetes; however, appropriate lifestyle interventions might help to prevent such progression. We aimed to test whether aerobic exercise training and a high-fibre diet can reduce hepatic fat content and increase insulin sensitivity in individuals with prediabetes and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Methods We did a randomised controlled trial in seven clinics in Yangpu district, Shanghai, China. We recruited individuals aged 50–65 years with impaired fasting glucose (5·6–6·9 mmol/L) or impaired glucose tolerance (2 h glucose 7·8–11·0 mmol/L) and diagnosed non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.…

Associations of resting and peak fat oxidation with sex hormone profile and blood glucose control in middle-aged women.

Background and Aims Menopause may reduce fat oxidation. We investigated whether sex hormone profile explains resting fat oxidation (RFO) or peak fat oxidation (PFO) during incremental cycling in middle-aged women. Secondarily, we studied associations of RFO and PFO with glucose regulation. Method and Results We measured RFO and PFO of 42 women (age 52–58 years) with indirect calorimetry. Seven participants were pre- or perimenopausal, 26 were postmenopausal, and nine were postmenopausal hormone therapy users. Serum estradiol (E2), follicle-stimulating hormone, progesterone, and testosterone levels were quantified with immunoassays. Insulin sensitivity (Matsuda index) and glucose tolerance (…

Does Systemic Low-Grade Inflammation Associate With Fat Accumulation and Distribution? A 7-Year Follow-Up Study With Peripubertal Girls

Knowledge about the interrelationship between adiposity and systemic low-grade inflammation during pubertal growth is important in detecting early signs of obesity-related metabolic disorders.The objective of the study was to evaluate the developmental trajectories of fat mass (FM) and high sensitive C-reactive protein (hsCRP) levels and factors that could explain the relationship between FM and hsCRP in girls from prepuberty to early adulthood.This was a 7.5-year longitudinal study.The study was conducted at the University of Jyväskylä Sports and Health Science laboratory.Three hundred ninety-six healthy Finnish girls aged 11.2 ± 0.8 years participated in the study.Body composition was ass…

Effect of long-term leisure time physical activity on lean mass and fat mass in girls during adolescence.

The purpose of this 7-yr prospective longitudinal study was to examine if the level and consistency of leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) during adolescence affected the quantity and distribution of lean mass (LM) and fat mass (FM) at early adulthood. The study subjects were 202 Finnish girls who were 10–13 yr old at baseline. LM and FM of the total body (TB), arms, legs, and trunk were assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Muscle cross-sectional area (mCSA) of the left leg was assessed by peripheral quantitative computed tomography. Scores of LTPA were obtained by questionnaire. Girls were divided into four groups comprising those with consistently low (GLL) or consistently hig…

Does sex hormone-binding globulin cause insulin resistance during pubertal growth?

Background The directional influences between serum sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), adiposity and insulin resistance during pubertal growth remain unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate bidirectional associations between SHBG and insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and adiposity from childhood to early adulthood. Methods Participants were 396 healthy girls measured at baseline (age 11.2 years) and at 1, 2, 4 and 7.5 years. Serum concentrations of estradiol, testosterone and SHBG were determined by ELISA, glucose and insulin by enzymatic photometry, insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) by time-resolved fluoroimmunoassays, whole-body fat mass by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and …

Serum metabolic profiles in overweight and obese women with and without metabolic syndrome.

Objective: To identify serum biomarkers through metabolomics approach that distinguishes physically inactive overweight/obese women with metabolic syndrome from those who are metabolically healthy, independent of body weight and fat mass. Methods: We applied nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy-based profiling of fasting serum samples to examine the metabolic differences between 78 previously physically inactive, body weight and fat mass matched overweight/obese premenopausal women with and without MetS. MetS was defined as the presence of at least three of the following five criteria: waist circumference ≥ 88 cm, serum triacylglycerol ≥ 1.7 mmol/L, and high density lipoprotein cholester…

Comparison of heart rate monitoring with indirect calorimetry for energy expenditure evaluation

Abstract Purpose The purpose of this study was to compare established methods with newly-developed methods for estimating the total energy expenditure (TEE). Methods The study subjects comprised 46 individuals, including 16 middle-aged men (mean age 51.4 years), 14 middle-aged women (mean age 49.9 years) and 16 young women (mean age 19.1 years). The TEE was estimated from 24-h heart rate (HR) data using newly-developed software (MoveSense HRAnalyzer 2011a, RC1, Suunto Oy, Vantaa, Finland), and was compared against the TEE determined using doubly labeled water (DLW). Agreement between the two methods was analyzed using Bland and Altman plots. Results The HR method yielded similar TEE values …

Associations of disordered sleep with body fat distribution, physical activity and diet among overweight middle-aged men

This cross-sectional study aimed to investigate whether body fat distribution, physical activity levels and dietary intakes are associated with insomnia and/or obstructive sleep apnea among overweight middle-aged men. Participants were 211 Finnish men aged 30-65 years. Among the 163 overweight or obese participants, 40 had insomnia only, 23 had obstructive sleep apnea only, 24 had comorbid insomnia and obstructive sleep apnea and 76 were without sleep disorder. The remaining 48 participants had normal weight without sleep disorder. Fat mass, levels of physical activity and diet were assessed by dual-energy X-ray densitometry, physical activity questionnaire and 3-day food diary, respectivel…

Cannabinoid receptor 1 and acute resistance exercise – In vivo and in vitro studies in human skeletal muscle

Abstract Aim This study aimed to determine whether Cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) is involved in mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling and skeletal muscle protein synthesis. Methods This study used human vastus lateralis skeletal muscle biopsies obtained before and after a resistance exercise (RE) bout in young men (n = 18). The signaling mechanisms were studied in vitro in human myotubes. Protein expression was determined by Western blot and confocal microscopy, and gene expression by quantitative PCR. Protein synthesis was measured in vitro using puromycin-based SuNSET technique. Results In human skeletal muscle, an anabolic stimulus in the form of RE down-regulated CB1 expression.…

The role of physical activity and exercise in obesity and weight management: Time for critical appraisal

The prevalence of overweight and obesity has increased dramatically during last 3 decades with devastating consequences to public health. Recommended strategies to reduce obesity have focused on healthier diet and physical activity (PA). Clearly, these approaches have not been successful, but whether this is due to failure to restrict energy intake or to maintain high levels of energy expenditure has been the subject of great controversy. Consequently, there has been a great deal of confusion about the role of PA and exercise in obesity and weight management. In this article, the theoretical basis for considering reduced PA and energy expenditure as the cause of obesity is appraised. Furthe…

Effect of aerobic exercise and low carbohydrate diet on pre-diabetic non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in postmenopausal women and middle aged men: study protocol for the AELC randomized controlled trial

Background. Pre-diabetes and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are associated with an unhealthy lifestyle and pose extremely high costs to the healthcare system. In this study, we aim to explore whether individualized aerobic exercise (AEx) and low carbohydrate diet (LCh) intervention affect hepatic fat content (HFC) in pre-diabetes via modification of gut microbiota composition and other post-interventional effects. Methods/design. A 6-month randomized intervention with 6-month follow-up is conducted from January 2013 to December 2015. The target sample size for intervention is 200 postmenopausal women and middle-aged men aged 50–65 year-old with pre-diabetes and NAFLD. The qualifi…

Associations of Objectively Measured Physical Activity and Sedentary Time With Arterial Stiffness in Pre-Pubertal Children.

Purpose: To investigate the relationships of objectively measured physical activity (PA) and sedentary time (ST) to arterial stiffness in pre-pubertal children. Method: Altogether 136 children (57 boys, 79 girls) aged 6–8-years participated in the study. Stiffness index (SI) was assessed by pulse contour analysis based on photoplethysmography. ST, light PA, moderate PA, and vigorous PA were assessed using combined acceleration and heart rate monitoring. We investigated the associations of ST (<1.5METs) and time spent in intensity level of PA above 2–7METs in min/d with SI using linear regression analysis. We studied the optimal duration and intensity of PA to identify children being in the …

DNA methylation links prenatal smoking exposure to later life health outcomes in offspring

Background Maternal smoking during pregnancy is associated with adverse offspring health outcomes across their life course. We hypothesize that DNA methylation is a potential mediator of this relationship. Methods We examined the association of prenatal maternal smoking with offspring blood DNA methylation in 2821 individuals (age 16 to 48 years) from five prospective birth cohort studies and perform Mendelian randomization and mediation analyses to assess whether methylation markers have causal effects on disease outcomes in the offspring. Results We identify 69 differentially methylated CpGs in 36 genomic regions (P value < 1 × 10−7) associated with exposure to maternal smoking in adolesc…

Normal-weight obesity and cardiometabolic risk: A 7-year longitudinal study in girls from prepuberty to early adulthood

Objective To study whether normal-weight obesity in childhood is associated with increased cardiometabolic risk in early adulthood. Methods This study assessed data for 236 girls followed from prepuberty to early adulthood. Growth chart data were obtained from birth to 18 years. Body composition was assessed by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry and cardiometabolic risk by calculating continuous clustered risk score (at ages 11, 14, and 18). The association of body weight status with cardiometabolic risk from childhood to early adulthood was examined. Results Subjects with normal-weight obesity were virtually indistinguishable from their normal-weight lean peers in terms of relative body weig…

Toll-like receptor 5 in obesity: The role of gut microbiota and adipose tissue inflammation

Objective This study aimed at establishing bacterial flagellin-recognizing toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5) as a novel link between gut microbiota composition, adipose tissue inflammation, and obesity. Methods An adipose tissue microarray database was used to compare women having the highest (n = 4, H-TLR) and lowest (n = 4, L-TLR) expression levels of TLR5-signaling pathway genes. Gut microbiota composition was profiled using flow cytometry and FISH. Standard laboratory techniques were used to determine anthropometric and clinical variables. In vivo results were verified using cultured human adipocytes. Results The H-TLR group had higher flagellated Clostridium cluster XIV abundance and Firmicu…

Effect of aerobic exercise on insulin resistance and central adiposity disappeared after the discontinuation of intervention in overweight women

Purpose: This study aimed to assess whether the benefits of exercise on central adiposity and insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) are maintained after discontinuation of intervention in the overweight/obese (OWOB) women. Methods: The study subjects were from 2 independent studies with similar aerobic exercise (AE) intervention programs. In study I, 15 OWOB postmenopausal women with pre-diabetes (body mass index, BMI = 24–33 kg/m2 , aged 52–65 years) completed an 8-month exercise intervention and were followed for 2 years after the intervention. In study II, 12 OWOB (BMI = 25–35 kg/m2 , aged 30–50 years) premenopausal women participated in a 6-week AE and were followed for 4 years after the interve…

Gut-adipose tissue axis in hepatic fat accumulation in humans

Recent evidence suggests that in animals gut microbiota composition (GMC) affects the onset and progression of hepatic fat accumulation. The aim of this study was to investigate in humans whether subjects with high hepatic fat content (HHFC) differ in their GMC from those with low hepatic fat content (LHFC), and whether these differences are associated with body composition, biomarkers and abdominal adipose tissue inflammation.Hepatic fat content (HFC) was measured using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((1)H MRS). Fecal GMC was profiled by 16S rRNA fluorescence in situ hybridization and flow cytometry. Adipose tissue gene expression was analyzed using Affymetrix microarrays and quant…