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RESEARCH PRODUCT

Organelle protein changes in arbuscular mycorrhizal Medicago truncatula roots as deciphered by subcellular proteomics

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description

Prod 2020-8c SPE IPM INRA UB CNRS; The roots of most land plants can enter a symbiotic relationship with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) soil‐borne fungi belonging to the phylum Glomeromycota, which improves the mineral nutrition of the host plant. The fungus enters the root through the epidermis and grows into the cortex where it differentiates into a highly branched hyphal structure called the arbuscule. The role of the plant membrane system as the agent for cellular morphogenesis and signal/nutrient exchanges is especially accentuated during AM endosymbiosis. Notably, fungal hyphae are always surrounded by the host membrane, which is referred to as the perifungal membrane around intracellular hyphae or the periarbuscular membrane (PAM) around the arbuscules. Concomitantly, the endomembrane system undergoes a general expansion since the amount of organelles such as Golgi, endoplasmic reticulum (ER), plastids, and mitochondria is amplified in arbuscule‐containing root cells. As a result, much effort has been put into subcellular proteomic devices as a way to decipher candidate proteins sustaining organelle remodeling in mycorrhizal roots. This chapter is thus aimed to provide a five‐year update of the contribution of Medicago truncatula organelle proteomics to the identification of symbiosis‐related proteins. In part one, key features of the subcellular proteomic workflows developed for M. truncatula roots are highlighted with regard to cell fractionation and quantification of organelle enrichment. Parts two and three successively address the most recent proteomic data obtained with emphasis to membrane and plastid protein remodeling events in M. truncatula roots interacting with AM fungi. Screening of these organelle proteomes that enlarged the spectrum of mycorrhiza‐related candidates, highlights the importance of studying changes in compartment‐specific protein abundance to increase knowledge about the mechanisms sustaining AM symbiosis.