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RESEARCH PRODUCT
Is there a relationship between chocolate consumption and symptoms of depression? A cross-sectional survey of 13,626 US adults
Liang HuLee SmithSarah E JacksonXiangzhu ZhuXiangzhu ZhuBrendon StubbsBrendon StubbsAi KoyanagiNicola VeronesePinar SoysalJoseph FirthJoseph FirthJoseph FirthJacopo DemurtasLin YangLin YangIgor Grabovacsubject
AdultMalemedicine.medical_specialtyNational Health and Nutrition Examination SurveyCross-sectional studyPopulationDark chocolatePatient Health QuestionnaireLogistic regressionDiet SurveysYoung AdultfoodEnvironmental healthEpidemiologymedicineHumansChocolateeducationLife StyleAgedAged 80 and overeducation.field_of_studybusiness.industryDepressionchocolate dark chocolate depressive symptoms epidemiology NHANESNHANES chocolate dark chocolate depressive symptoms epidemiologyMiddle Agedfood.foodUnited StatesPatient Health QuestionnairePsychiatry and Mental healthClinical PsychologyCross-Sectional StudiesLogistic ModelsQuartileJackson S. Smith L. Firth J. Grabovac I. Soysal P. Koyanagi A. Hu L. Stubbs B. Demurtas J. Veronese N. et al. -Is there a relationship between chocolate consumption and symptoms of depression? A cross-sectional survey of 13626 US adults.- Depression and anxiety cilt.36 ss.987-995 2019Femalebusinessdescription
Objective: To examine associations between chocolate consumption and depressive symptoms in a large, representative sample of US adults. Methods: The data were from 13,626 adults (≥20 years) participating in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey between 2007–08 and 2013–14. Daily chocolate consumption was derived from two 24-hr dietary recalls. Depressive symptoms were assessed using the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), with scores ≥10 indicating the presence of clinically relevant symptoms. We used multivariable logistic regression to test associations of chocolate consumption (no chocolate, non-dark chocolate, dark chocolate) and amount of chocolate consumption (grams/day, in quartiles) with clinically relevant depressive symptoms. Adults with diabetes were excluded and models controlled for relevant sociodemographic, lifestyle, health-related, and dietary covariates. Results: Overall, 11.1% of the population reported any chocolate consumption, with 1.4% reporting dark chocolate consumption. Although non-dark chocolate consumption was not significantly associated with clinically relevant depressive symptoms, significantly lower odds of clinically relevant depressive symptoms (OR = 0.30, 95%CI 0.21–0.72) were observed among those who reported consuming dark chocolate. Analyses stratified by the amount of chocolate consumption showed participants reporting chocolate consumption in the highest quartile (104–454 g/day) had 57% lower odds of depressive symptoms than those who reported no chocolate consumption (OR = 0.43, 95%CI 0.19–0.96) after adjusting for dark chocolate consumption. Conclusions: These results provide some evidence that consumption of chocolate, particularly dark chocolate, may be associated with reduced odds of clinically relevant depressive symptoms. Further research capturing long-term chocolate consumption and using a longitudinal design are required to confirm these findings and clarify the direction of causation. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
| year | journal | country | edition | language |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2019-10-01 |