Search results for " Drug Resistance"

showing 10 items of 207 documents

No pol mutation is associated independently with the lack of immune recovery in patients infected with HIV and failing antiretroviral therapy

2011

An investigation was undertaken to determine whether specific pol mutations hinder long-term immune recovery regardless of virological response. In total, 826 patients with >50 HIV RNA copies/ml, who underwent genotypic resistance testing between 1 January 2000 and 31 December 2003 after >3 years of antiretroviral treatment, and were followed up for >3 years after genotypic resistance testing, were analyzed retrospectively. The outcome of the study was the lack of immune recovery after >3 years of follow-up, defined as a slope by linear regression 50 copies/ml divided by the number of HIV RNA measurements during follow-up. Logistic regression was used for univariable and multivariable analy…

MaleHIV InfectionsDrug resistanceLogistic regressionResistance to nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitorCD4+ T-lymphocyteRetrospective StudieImmunopathologyAntiretroviral Therapy Highly ActiveResistance to non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitorgeneticsResistance to protease inhibitorHIV Infectionresistance to nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitorsViralSidaresistance to protease inhibitorsbiologyReverse-transcriptase inhibitorViral LoadGenes poldrug therapy/immunology/virologyReverse Transcriptase InhibitorInfectious DiseasesTreatment Outcomeresistance to non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitorsReverse Transcriptase InhibitorsFemaleViral loadmedicine.drugHumanpolAnti-HIV AgentsAntiretroviral TherapyViremiaInfectious DiseaseSettore MED/17 - MALATTIE INFETTIVEpharmacology/therapeutic useAcquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)VirologyDrug Resistance ViralmedicineHumansHighly ActiveRetrospective StudiesAnti-HIV Agents; pharmacology/therapeutic use Antiretroviral Therapy; Highly Active CD4 Lymphocyte Count Drug Resistance; Viral; genetics Female Genes; pol HIV Infections; drug therapy/immunology/virology HIV-1; drug effects/enzymology/genetics Humans Male Mutation Retrospective Studies Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors; therapeutic use Treatment Outcome Viral Loaddrug resistanceAnti-HIV Agentbiology.organism_classificationmedicine.diseaseVirologyCD4 Lymphocyte CountGenesdrug effects/enzymology/geneticstherapeutic useMutationCD4+ T-lymphocytesHIV-1
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Baseline prediction of combination therapy outcome in hepatitis C virus 1b infected patients by discriminant analysis using viral and host factors.

2010

Background Current treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection has limited efficacy −especially among genotype 1 infected patients−, is costly, and involves severe side effects. Thus, predicting non-response is of major interest for both patient wellbeing and health care expense. At present, treatment cannot be individualized on the basis of any baseline predictor of response. We aimed to identify pre-treatment clinical and virological parameters associated with treatment failure, as well as to assess whether therapy outcome could be predicted at baseline. Methodology Forty-three HCV subtype 1b (HCV-1b) chronically infected patients treated with pegylated-interferon alpha plus ri…

MaleHepaciviruslcsh:MedicineHepacivirusmedicine.disease_causePolyethylene Glycolschemistry.chemical_compoundlcsh:ScienceMultidisciplinarybiologyDiscriminant AnalysisHepatitis CMiddle AgedViral LoadPrognosisHepatitis CRecombinant ProteinsTreatment OutcomeGastroenterology and Hepatology/Gastrointestinal InfectionsDrug Therapy CombinationFemaleViral hepatitisViral loadResearch ArticleAdultmedicine.medical_specialtyCombination therapyHepatitis C virusAlpha interferonInterferon alpha-2Antiviral AgentsGastroenterology and Hepatology/HepatologyInternal medicineRibavirinInfectious Diseases/Viral InfectionsmedicineHumansRetrospective StudiesVirology/Antivirals including Modes of Action and ResistanceInfectious Diseases/Antimicrobials and Drug Resistancebusiness.industryRibavirinlcsh:RGenetic VariationInterferon-alphaMicrobiology/Medical MicrobiologyVirology/Mechanisms of Resistance and Susceptibility including Host Geneticsmedicine.diseasebiology.organism_classificationLogistic ModelschemistryImmunologylcsh:QbusinessPLoS ONE
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Transmission of HIV Drug Resistance and the Predicted Effect on Current First-line Regimens in Europe

2016

Transmitted human immunodeficiency virus drug resistance in Europe is stable at around 8%. The impact of baseline mutation patterns on susceptibility to antiretroviral drugs should be addressed using clinical guidelines. The impact on baseline susceptibility is largest for nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors.

MaleHuman immunodeficiency virus 1EtravirineRNA directed DNA polymerase inhibitordarunavirHIV InfectionsSettore MED/42 - Igiene Generale E Applicata:Disciplines and Occupations::Health Occupations::Medicine::Public Health [Medical Subject Headings]:Organisms::Eukaryota::Animals::Chordata::Vertebrates::Mammals::Primates::Haplorhini::Catarrhini::Hominidae::Humans [Medical Subject Headings]Salud públicageneticsInhibidores de proteasas:Analytical Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment::Investigative Techniques::Epidemiologic Methods::Data Collection::Vital Statistics::Morbidity::Prevalence [Medical Subject Headings]atazanavirmedia_commontransmission:Geographicals::Geographic Locations::Europe [Medical Subject Headings]3. Good healthmicrobial sensitivity testpriority journalEurope ; HIV-1 ; antiretroviral therapy ; drug resistance ; transmissionHIV/AIDSlamivudineReverse Transcriptase Inhibitors/pharmacologyanti human immunodeficiency virus agentDrugMicrobiology (medical)medicine.medical_specialtyantiviral susceptibility:Phenomena and Processes::Genetic Phenomena::Genetic Variation::Mutation [Medical Subject Headings]media_common.quotation_subjectantiretroviral therapy030106 microbiologyHIV Infections/drug therapy:Chemicals and Drugs::Chemical Actions and Uses::Pharmacologic Actions::Therapeutic Uses::Anti-Infective Agents::Antiviral Agents::Anti-Retroviral Agents::Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors [Medical Subject Headings]Microbial Sensitivity TestsRILPIVIRINEArticleEFAVIRENZ03 medical and health sciencestransmitted drug resistanceSDG 3 - Good Health and Well-beingHumansTransmissionhuman:Phenomena and Processes::Physiological Phenomena::Pharmacological Phenomena::Drug Resistance [Medical Subject Headings]REVERSE-TRANSCRIPTASE INHIBITORSRilpivirinaINTEGRASEMUTATIONSabacavirmajor clinical studyVirologyInfecciones por VIHRegimenAntiretroviral therapy; Drug resistance; Europe; HIV-1; Transmission; Medicine (all); Microbiology (medical); Infectious DiseaseschemistryDrug resistance:Chemicals and Drugs::Heterocyclic Compounds::Heterocyclic Compounds 1-Ring::Oxazines::Benzoxazines [Medical Subject Headings]MutationHIV-10301 basic medicinenevirapineDrug resistanceCommunicable diseases:Analytical Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment::Investigative Techniques::Epidemiologic Methods::Statistics as Topic::Confidence Intervals [Medical Subject Headings]chemistry.chemical_compoundantiviral therapyINFECTIONMedicine and Health SciencesPrevalence:Analytical Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment::Investigative Techniques::Epidemiologic Methods::Data Collection::Surveys and Questionnaires [Medical Subject Headings]ViralNon-U.S. Gov'tReverse-transcriptase inhibitorantiretrovirus agentResearch Support Non-U.S. Gov'tMedicine (all)Human immunodeficiency virus infected patientMiddle AgedvirologyPREVALENCEAntiretroviral therapyEncuestas y CuestionariosANTIRETROVIRAL TREATMENTEuropeInfectious DiseasesHIV-1/drug effectsHIV Protease Inhibitors/pharmacologyRilpivirineReverse Transcriptase Inhibitors:Diseases::Immune System Diseases::Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes::HIV Infections [Medical Subject Headings]FemaleHIV drug resistancemedicine.drugAdultHuman immunodeficiency virus proteinase inhibitor:Chemicals and Drugs::Organic Chemicals::Nitriles::Rilpivirine [Medical Subject Headings]EfavirenzAnti-HIV AgentsResearch SupportResistencia a medicamentosSettore MED/17 - MALATTIE INFETTIVEantiviral resistanceInternal medicineAnti-HIV Agents/pharmacologyDrug Resistance ViralJournal Articlemedicine:Chemicals and Drugs::Chemical Actions and Uses::Pharmacologic Actions::Molecular Mechanisms of Pharmacological Action::Enzyme Inhibitors::Protease Inhibitors [Medical Subject Headings]abacavir plus lamivudineEuropa (Continente)Antiretroviral therapy; Drug resistance; Europe; HIV-1; Transmission; Adult; Anti-HIV Agents; Drug Resistance Viral; Europe; Female; HIV Infections; HIV Protease Inhibitors; HIV-1; Humans; Male; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Middle Aged; Mutation; Prevalence; Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors; Microbiology (medical); Infectious DiseasesemtricitabinenonhumanIntervalos de confianzadrug resistanceMutaciónAntiretroviral therapy; Drug resistance; Europe; HIV-1; Transmissionbusiness.industryHIVpredictionInhibidores de la transcriptasa inversaHIV Protease InhibitorsHuman immunodeficiency virus 1 infectiontenofovirINDIVIDUALSDrug Resistance Viral/geneticsBenzoxazinasETRAVIRINEdrug effects3121 General medicine internal medicine and other clinical medicinePrevalenciabusiness
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Low Rate of Virological Failure and Maintenance of Susceptibility to HIV-1 Protease Inhibitors with First-Line Lopinavir/Ritonavir-Based Antiretrovir…

2010

Protease inhibitor (PI)-resistant HIV-1 has hardly ever been detected at failed boosted PI-based first-line antiretroviral regimens in clinical trials. However, this phenomenon has not been investigated in clinical practice. To address this gap, data from patients starting a first-line lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/rtv)-based therapy with available baseline HIV-1 RNA load, a viral genotype and follow-up viral load after 3 and 6 months of treatment were extracted from the Italian Antiretroviral Resistance Cohort Analysis (ARCA) observational database. Based on survival analysis, 39 (7.1%) and 43 (7.8%) of the 548 examined patient cases had an HIV-1 RNA >500 and >50 copies/ml, respectively, after …

MaleLopinavir/ritonavirHIV Infectionsboosted protease inhibitorLopinavirCohort Studies0302 clinical medicineAntiretroviral Therapy Highly Activevirologic failureHIV InfectionTreatment Failure030212 general & internal medicinePyrimidinone0303 health scienceseducation.field_of_studylopinavir/ritonavirLopinavirViral LoadResistance mutationfirst-line antiretroviral therapyReverse Transcriptase Inhibitor3. Good healthTreatment OutcomeInfectious DiseasesRNA ViralReverse Transcriptase InhibitorsMedicineDrug Therapy CombinationFemaleSurvival AnalysiViral loadHumanmedicine.drugAnti-HIV AgentsPopulationPyrimidinones.Settore MED/17 - MALATTIE INFETTIVEEmtricitabinehuman immunodeficiency virus type 103 medical and health sciencesVirologyDrug Resistance Viralantiretroviral drug resistancemedicineHumansProtease inhibitor (pharmacology)educationHIV Protease InhibitorRitonavir030306 microbiologybusiness.industryAnti-HIV AgentHIV Protease InhibitorsSurvival AnalysisVirologyHIV-1RitonavirCohort Studiebusiness
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Colonization of pressure ulcers by multidrug-resistant microorganisms in patients receiving home care

2011

Colonization and/or infection with multidrug-resistant microorganisms (MDRO) of pressure ulcers in patients receiving care at home have seldom been investigated. The objective of this study was to assess the prevalence of MDRO colonization in pressure ulcers of patients receiving home care in Palermo, Italy. Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE), methicillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), and multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacilli (MDRGN) were isolated, identifi ed, and characterized from pressure ulcers and selected home environment surfaces. Thirty-two patients were enrolled, of whom 12 were under antimicrobial therapy. Five patients had been admitted to hospital in the prece…

MaleMethicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureusMicrobiology (medical)medicine.medical_specialtymultidrug-resistantDrug resistancemedicine.disease_causeDrug Resistance Multiple BacterialInternal medicineGram-Negative BacteriaEpidemiologyHumansMedicineIn patientColonizationIntensive care medicineAgedAged 80 and overPressure UlcerGeneral Immunology and Microbiologybiologybusiness.industrySkin Diseases BacterialGeneral MedicineMiddle Agedbiochemical phenomena metabolism and nutritionbacterial infections and mycosesbiology.organism_classificationAntimicrobialHome Care ServicesAnti-Bacterial AgentsMultiple drug resistanceInfectious DiseasesItalyEnterococcusStaphylococcus aureusFemalehome carebusinessEnterococcusScandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases
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Escherichia coli of human and avian origin: detection of clonal groups associated with fluoroquinolone and multidrug resistance in Italy

2012

Objectives: Poultry have been suggested as a reservoir for fluoroquinolone-resistant extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli (ExPEC). Our aim was to investigate whether genotypes associated with ciprofloxacin and multidrug resistance were shared among human and avian E. coli. Methods: We compared 277 human ExPEC isolates from urinary tract infection (UTI) and sepsis (142 susceptible and 135 ciprofloxacin resistant) and 101 avian isolates (68 susceptible and 33 ciprofloxacin resistant) by antimicrobial resistance phenotype, phylogenetic group and multilocus sequence type (ST). Results: Most ciprofloxacin-resistant isolates from both human and avian sources were multidrug resistant. Human…

MaleMicrobiology (medical)TurkeysSettore MED/07 - Microbiologia E Microbiologia ClinicaAdolescentGenotypeBiologymedicine.disease_causeGroup AMicrobiologyAntibiotic resistanceDrug Resistance Multiple BacterialSepsisGenotypeEscherichia colimedicineAnimalsCluster AnalysisHumansPharmacology (medical)zoonosis urinary tract infections MLST molecular epidemiologyChildEscherichia coliEscherichia coli InfectionsPoultry DiseasesPharmacologyExtraintestinal Pathogenic Escherichia coliPhylogenetic treeInfantVirologyDrug Resistance MultipleAnti-Bacterial AgentsCiprofloxacinMultiple drug resistanceInfectious DiseasesItalyChild PreschoolUrinary Tract InfectionsFemaleChickensFluoroquinolonesMultilocus Sequence Typingmedicine.drug
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Declining Prevalence of HIV-1 Drug Resistance in Antiretroviral Treatment-exposed Individuals in Western Europe

2013

HIV-1 drug resistance represents a major obstacle to infection and disease control. This retrospective study analyzes trends and determinants of resistance in antiretroviral treatment (ART)-exposed individuals across 7 countries in Europe. Of 20 323 cases, 80% carried at least one resistance mutation: these declined from 81% in 1997 to 71% in 2008. Predicted extensive 3-class resistance was rare (3.2% considering the cumulative genotype) and peaked at 4.5% in 2005, decreasing thereafter. The proportion of cases exhausting available drug options dropped from 32% in 2000 to 1% in 2008. Reduced risk of resistance over calendar years was confirmed by multivariable analysis. © 2013 The Author.

MaleMultivariate analysisDatabases FactualDrug ResistanceHIV InfectionsDrug resistance0302 clinical medicineRetrospective StudieRisk FactorsEpidemiologyGenotypepol Gene Products Human Immunodeficiency ViruOdds RatioPrevalenceImmunology and AllergyHIV Infection030212 general & internal medicinepol Gene ProductsViralMultivariate Analysimedia_common0303 health sciencesDrug Resistance Prevalence HIV-1Middle AgedResistance mutation3. Good healthReverse Transcriptase InhibitorEuropeInfectious DiseasesReverse Transcriptase InhibitorsepidemiologyFemaleMultipleHuman Immunodeficiency VirusHumanDrugAdultmedicine.medical_specialtyGenotypeEvolutionmedia_common.quotation_subjectSexual Behaviorantiretroviral therapyInfectious DiseaseBiologySettore MED/17 - MALATTIE INFETTIVEEvolution Molecular03 medical and health sciencesDatabasesSDG 3 - Good Health and Well-beingDrug Resistance Multiple ViralmedicineHumansHIV Protease InhibitorFactualRetrospective Studies030306 microbiologyRisk FactorMolecularRetrospective cohort studyOdds ratioHIV Protease InhibitorsCD4 Lymphocyte Countantiretroviral therapy; drug resistance; epidemiology; genotyping; HIV-1; Adult; CD4 Lymphocyte Count; Databases Factual; Europe; Evolution Molecular; Female; Genotype; HIV Infections; HIV Protease Inhibitors; HIV-1; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Multivariate Analysis; Mutation; Odds Ratio; Prevalence; Retrospective Studies; Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors; Risk Factors; Sexual Behavior; pol Gene Products Human Immunodeficiency Virus; Drug Resistance Multiple Viral; Immunology and Allergy; Infectious Diseasesgenotypingpol Gene Products Human Immunodeficiency VirusImmunologyMultivariate AnalysisMutationHIV-1DemographyJournal of Infectious Diseases
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Tamibarotene in patients with acute promyelocytic leukaemia relapsing after treatment with all-trans retinoic acid and arsenic trioxide

2015

Treatment of acute promyelocytic leukaemia (APL) with arsenic trioxide (ATO) and all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) is highly effective first-line therapy, although approximately 5-10% of patients relapse. Tamibarotene is a synthetic retinoid with activity in APL patients who relapse after chemotherapy and ATRA, but has not been studied in relapse after treatment with ATO and ATRA. We report on a phase II study of tamibarotene in adult patients with relapsed or refractory APL after treatment with ATRA and ATO (n = 14). Participants were treated with tamibarotene (6 mg/m(2) /d) during induction and for up to six cycles of consolidation. The overall response rate was 64% (n = 9), the rate of comp…

MaleOncogene Proteins Fusionmedicine.medical_treatmentDrug ResistancePhases of clinical researchSalvage therapyKaplan-Meier EstimatePharmacologyGastroenterologyBenzoatesArsenicalschemistry.chemical_compoundLeukemia Promyelocytic AcuteRecurrenceAntineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy ProtocolsMedicineArsenic trioxidePromyelocyticOncogene ProteinsTumorLeukemiaRemission InductionHematopoietic Stem Cell TransplantationCell DifferentiationOxidesclinical trialHematologyMiddle AgedCombined Modality Therapyall-trans retinoic acidarsenic trioxideLeukemiaCardiovascular DiseasesFemalemedicine.drugAdultmedicine.medical_specialtyTetrahydronaphthalenesAcute promyelocytic leukaemia; all-trans retinoic acid; arsenic trioxide; clinical trial; tamibarotene; Adult; Aged; Antineoplastic Agents; Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols; Arsenicals; Benzoates; Biomarkers Tumor; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cell Differentiation; Combined Modality Therapy; Consolidation Chemotherapy; Disease-Free Survival; Drug Resistance Neoplasm; Febrile Neutropenia; Female; Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation; Humans; Kaplan-Meier Estimate; Leukemia Promyelocytic Acute; Male; Middle Aged; Oncogene Proteins Fusion; Oxides; Recurrence; Remission Induction; Salvage Therapy; Tetrahydronaphthalenes; TretinoinAntineoplastic AgentsTretinoinAcuteArticleDisease-Free SurvivalTretinoinInternal medicineBiomarkers TumorHumansFusionneoplasmsAgedFebrile NeutropeniaSalvage TherapyChemotherapybusiness.industrymedicine.diseasetamibaroteneAcute promyelocytic leukaemiaConsolidation ChemotherapychemistryDrug Resistance NeoplasmNeoplasmTamibarotenebusinessSettore MED/15 - Malattie del SangueFebrile neutropeniaBiomarkers
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Bone morphogenetic protein 4 induces differentiation of colorectal cancer stem cells and increases their response to chemotherapy in mice.

2010

BACKGROUND & AIMS: The limited clinical response observed in many patients with colorectal cancer may be related to the presence of chemoresistant colorectal can- cer stem cells (CRC-SCs). Bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) promotes the differentiation of normal colonic stem cells. We investigated whether BMP4 might be used to induce differentiation of CRC-SCs and for therapeutic purposes. METHODS: CRC-SCs were isolated from 25 tumor samples based on expression of CD133 or using a selection culture medium. BMP4 expression and activity on CRC-SCs were evaluated in vitro; progeny of the stem cells were evaluated by immunofluorescence, immuno- blot, and flow cytometry analyses. The potential …

MaleOrganoplatinum CompoundsCellular differentiationDrug ResistanceApoptosisBone Morphogenetic Protein 4Colon Cancer; Drug Resistance; Neoplasia; Tumor Resistance to Chemotherapy; AC133 Antigen; Adenomatous Polyposis Coli; Aged; Aged 80 and over; Animals; Antigens CD; Antineoplastic Agents; Apoptosis; Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4; Cell Differentiation; Cells Cultured; Colorectal Neoplasms; Female; Fluorouracil; Glycoproteins; Humans; Male; Mice; Microsatellite Instability; Middle Aged; Mutation; Neoplastic Stem Cells; Organoplatinum Compounds; PTEN Phosphohydrolase; Peptides; Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; Smad4 Protein; GastroenterologyMice80 and overBone morphogenetic protein receptorAC133 AntigenCells CulturedSmad4 ProteinAged 80 and overCulturedColon Cancerintegumentary systemGastroenterologyCell DifferentiationBMP4 colon stem cellsMiddle AgedCDOxaliplatinTumor Resistance to ChemotherapyBone morphogenetic protein 4Adenomatous Polyposis Coliembryonic structuresNeoplastic Stem CellsFemaleMicrosatellite InstabilityFluorouracilStem cellColorectal Neoplasmsanimal structuresCellsAntineoplastic AgentsBiologyBone morphogenetic proteinSettore MED/04 - PATOLOGIA GENERALECancer stem cellAntigens CDPTENAnimalsHumansAntigensneoplasmsPI3K/AKT/mTOR pathwayAgedGlycoproteinsNeoplasiaHepatologyPTEN Phosphohydrolasedigestive system diseasesMutationCancer researchbiology.proteinPhosphatidylinositol 3-KinasePeptidesProto-Oncogene Proteins c-aktGastroenterology
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Resistance analysis and treatment outcomes in hepatitis C virus genotype 3-infected patients within the Italian network VIRONET-C

2021

Aim: This study aimed to investigate the role of resistance-associated substitutions (RASs) to direct-acting-antivirals (DAAs) in HCV genotype 3 (GT3). Methods: Within the Italian VIRONET-C network, a total of 539 GT3-infected patients (417 DAA-naïve and 135 DAA-failures, of them, 13 at both baseline and failure) were analysed. Sanger sequencing of NS3/NS5A/NS5B was performed following home-made protocols. Results: The majority of patients were male (79.4%), 91.4% were injection drug users, 49.3% were cirrhotic and 13.9% were HIV co-infected. Phylogenetic analysis classified sequences as GT3a-b-g-h (98%-0.4%-0.2%-1.2%) respectively. Overall, 135 patients failed a DAA regimen: sofosbuvir (SO…

MaleSofosbuvirSustained Virologic ResponseDrug ResistanceHepacivirusViral Nonstructural ProteinsGastroenterologySettore MED/06direct-acting antivirals; failure; genotype 3; HCV; resistancechemistry.chemical_compound0302 clinical medicineMedicineViralChronicPhylogenyDasabuvirdirect-acting antivirals; failure; genotype 3; hcv; resistancevirus diseasesHepatitis CPibrentasvirfailureItaly030220 oncology & carcinogenesisHCVCombinationDrug Therapy Combination030211 gastroenterology & hepatologyFemalemedicine.drugLedipasvirmedicine.medical_specialtyDaclatasvirGenotypedirect-acting antivirals; failure; genotype 3; HCV; resistance; Antiviral Agents; Drug Resistance Viral; Drug Therapy Combination; Female; Genotype; Humans; Italy; Male; Phylogeny; Sofosbuvir; Sustained Virologic Response; Viral Nonstructural Proteins; Hepacivirus; Hepatitis C ChronicAntiviral Agentsresistance03 medical and health sciencesDrug TherapyInternal medicineDrug Resistance ViralHumansgenotype 3direct-acting antiviralsAntiviral Agentdirect-acting antiviralHepaciviruHepatologybusiness.industryViral Nonstructural ProteinGlecaprevirHepatitis C ChronicHCV; direct acting antivirals; failure; genotype 3; resistanceRegimenchemistryParitaprevirSofosbuvirbusinessHepatitis C Chronic.
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