Search results for " Global"

Le commerce équitable et la société civile internationale : une chance pour la mondialisation d'un droit de l'économie solidaire

2003

SUMMARY The international trade law passes through a crisis of legitimacy following the inequitable character of its rules and the irrelevance of its principles to the peculiarities of the North-South relations. Being the legal translation of the capitalist free market economic system, these rules are to protect the mercantile and free trade values. In order to overcome this crisis the movement of fair trade has emerged and has since its origin been supported by members of the international civil society. Fair trade means taking into account the standard of living and the conditions of employment of the marginalized producers in developing countries so as to improve them. This study is an a…

Social constitutionalism and the sustainable development goals (sdg)

2021

El Derecho Constitucional, y especialmente el Constitucionalismo Social, no puede quedar al margen del análisis de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS). En efecto, la Agenda 2030 constituye una Agenda de Constitucionalismo Global de naturaleza básicamente social. Desde esta perspectiva, los ODS integran una especie de Pilar Universal de Derechos Sociales y, como consecuencia, inspiran el modelo social europeo y la realización de los derechos sociales en el orden constitucional nacional. Con tales premisas, el autor somete a análisis el valor interpretativo y la efectividad de los ODS en el sistema constitucional español a través de ilustraciones de la práctica legislativa, ejecutiva…

Climate change effects on trematodiases, with emphasis on zoonotic fascioliasis and schistosomiasis.

2009

The capacity of climatic conditions to modulate the extent and intensity of parasitism is well known since long ago. Concerning helminths, among the numerous environmental modifications giving rise to changes in infections, climate variables appear as those showing a greater influence, so that climate change may be expected to have an important impact on the diseases they cause. However, the confirmation of the impact of climate change on helminthiases has been reached very recently. Only shortly before, helminthiases were still noted as infectious diseases scarcely affected by climate change, when compared to diseases caused by microorganisms in general (viruses, bacteriae, protozoans). Th…

Low-altitude outbreaks of human fascioliasis related with summer rainfall in Gilan province, Iran

2011

Following human fascioliasis outbreaks in 1988 and 1999 in Gilan province, northern Iran, efforts are now made to shed light on the seasonal pattern of fascioliasis transmission in this endemic area, taking into account snail host populations, climatic conditions and human cases. Populations of the intermediate host snail (Lymnaea spp.) peak in May and November, while there is a fourfold increase in the rate of human fascioliasis in February compared to that of September. Transmission is likely to occur mainly in late autumn and sporadically in late spring. Rainfall, seasonally analysed in periods of 3 years, indicates that accumulated summer rainfall may be related with the 1988 and 1999 h…

PESI - a taxonomic backbone for Europe

2015

Reliable taxonomy underpins communication in all of biology, not least nature conservation and sustainable use of ecosystem resources. The flexibility of taxonomic interpretations, however, presents a serious challenge for end-users of taxonomic concepts. Users need standardised and continuously harmonised taxonomic reference systems, as well as highquality and complete taxonomic data sets, but these are generally lacking for nonspecialists. The solution is in dynamic, expertly curated web-based taxonomic tools. The Pan-European Species-directories Infrastructure (PESI) worked to solve this key issue by providing a taxonomic e-infrastructure for Europe. It strengthened the relevant social (…

Algunos efectos perversos de la globalización: las empresas transnacionales y el deber de respeto de los estándares mínimos internacionales de derech…

2013

Se pondrá de manifiesto la irrupción de un nuevo paradigma organizativo por el cual, las empresas multinacionales/transnacionales deben respetar y promover los estándares mínimos internacionales de derechos humanos. Las diversas iniciativas emprendidas, aunque bien intencionadas, no han logrado más que desplazar los núcleos de imputación y de control de las actividades que desarrollan las empresas hacia la lógica voluntaria de la Responsabilidad Social Empresarial. La autora defiende que deben diseñarse unos instrumentos de control que vayan más allá de esa responsabilidad (de soft law a hard law). Urge una clara delimitación de la responsabilidad de la empresa y de los mecanismos de repara…

Fondos-buitre / 1

2007

Incentives in Corporate Governance: The Role of Self-Regulation

2004

Corporate governance stems from the interplay of legal norms, security regulation, self-regulation and best practices. Recent scandals and frauds have forced governments to update laws on corporate governance: the legislation process has been very fast in some countries, others have lagged. Law and regulation intervene and become effective only ex-post, when damages have been done and malpractice is self-evident. On the contrary, self-regulation is a quicker and more flexible response to changing market conditions and of great impact on the relationship between firms and their environment. A self-regulatory organization (SRO) such as the stock exchange could administer the screening device,…

A pre-processing and network analysis of GPS tracking data

2020

Global Positioning System (GPS) devices afford the opportunity to collect accurate data on unit movements from temporal and spatial perspectives. With a special focus on GPS technology in travel surveys, this paper proposes: (1) two algorithms for the pre-processing of GPS data in order to deal with outlier identification and missing data imputation; (2) a clustering approach to recover the main points of interest from GPS trajectories; and (3) a weighted-directed network, which incorporates the most relevant characteristics of the GPS trajectories at an aggregate level. A simulation study shows the goodness-of-fit of the imputation data algorithm and the robustness of the clustering algori…

Spirometric phenotypes from early childhood to young adulthood: a Chronic Airway Disease Early Stratification study

2021

Background The prevalences of obstructive and restrictive spirometric phenotypes, and their relation to early-life risk factors from childhood to young adulthood remain poorly understood. The aim was to explore these phenotypes and associations with well-known respiratory risk factors across ages and populations in European cohorts. Methods We studied 49 334 participants from 14 population-based cohorts in different age groups (≤10, >10–15, >15–20, >20–25 years, and overall, 5–25 years). The obstructive phenotype was defined as forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1)/forced vital capacity (FVC) z-score less than the lower limit of normal (LLN), whereas the restrictive phenotype was defined a…