Search results for " Type 1"
showing 10 items of 430 documents
Clinical Approach to Flash Glucose Monitoring: An Expert Recommendation
2019
The flash glucose monitoring (FGM) system FreeStyle Libre® is a device that measures interstitial glucose in a very simple way and indicates direction and speed of glucose change. This allows persons with diabetes to prevent hypoglycemic and hyperglycemic events. Scientific evidence indicates that the system can improve glycemic control and quality of life. To obtain the maximum benefit, it is necessary to properly handle glucose values and trends. Due to the generalization of the system use, the purpose of the document is to provide recommendations for the optimal use of the device, not only in the management of glucose values and trends but also in the prevention of hypoglycemia, actuati…
Flash glucose monitoring reduces glycemic variability and hypoglycemia: real-world data from Spain.
2020
ObjectiveObservations in real-world settings support and extend findings demonstrated in randomized controlled trials that show flash glucose monitoring improves glycemic control. In this study, Spain-specific relationships between testing frequency and glycemic parameters were investigated under real-world settings.Research design and methodsDeidentified glucose and user scanning data were analyzed and readers were rank ordered into 20 equal sized groups by daily scan frequency. Glucose parameters were calculated for each group: estimated HbA1c, time below range (<70 and ≤54 mg/dL), within range (70–180 mg/dL), and above range (>180 mg/dL). Glycemic variability (GV) metrics were desc…
Time-in-range for monitoring glucose control: Is it time for a change?
2021
The HbA1c value has been the gold standard for evaluating glucose control for decades. However, it has limitations such as the lack of information on glycemic variability or the risk of hypoglycemia. The increasing use of continuous glucose monitoring has provided patients and healthcare professionals with a range of useful metrics for the management of diabetes. Among them, Time in Range (TIR) is a simple and intuitive metric that gives information regarding the quality of glucose control. It is defined as the time spent in an individual's target glucose range. TIR is strongly correlated with HbA1c, and it has been linked to the risk of developing microvascular and macrovascular complicati…
Correction of glycaemia and GLUT1 level by mildronate in rat streptozotocin diabetes mellitus model
2011
Anti-ischaemic drug mildronate suppresses fatty acid metabolism and increases glucose utilization in myocardium. It was proposed that it could produce a favourable effect on metabolic parameters and glucose transport in diabetic animals. Rats with streptozotocin diabetes mellitus were treated with mildronate (100 mg/kg daily, per os, 6 weeks). Therapeutic effect of mildronate was monitored by measuring animal weight, concentrations of blood glucose, insulin, blood triglycerides, free fatty acids, blood ketone bodies and cholesterol, glycated haemoglobin per cent (HbA1c%) and glucose tolerance. GLUT1 mRNA and protein expression in kidneys, heart, liver and muscles were studied by means of re…
Biosimilars and Novel Insulins.
2019
Background Insulin therapy is the mainstay of treatment for type 1 diabetes and may be necessary in type 2 diabetes. Current insulin analogues present a more physiological profile, are effective, and with less risk of hypoglycemia, but they are expensive. Biosimilar insulins should offer the advantages of insulin analogues at reduced costs. In addition, current rapid-acting insulin analogues are not fast enough to control excessive postprandial glucose excursions in many patients. Areas of uncertainty Biosimilar insulins demonstrated that are safe and effective, but interchangeability and automatic substitution remain an issue. Ultrafast-acting insulins should reduce postprandial hyperglyce…
Ambulatory Glucose Profile Applied to Flash Glucose Monitoring in Real Life: An Expert Opinion.
2016
The clinical benefits of real time continuous glucose monitoring (rtCGM) use have been well demonstrated in both CSII- and MDI-treated individuals in large clinical trials. However, recommendations for patient use of rtCGM in everyday life situations are lacking. This article provides guidance to clinicians and patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D) in effective use of rtCGM data, including glucose rate of change (ROC) arrows, for insulin dosing adjustments and other treatment decisions. The recommendations presented here are based on our own clinical experiences as endocrinologists, our personal experiences living with T1D using rtCGM, and findings from a recent survey of T1D patients who hav…
Circulating immune complexes and platelet thromboxane synthesis in patients with insulin-dependent (type I) diabetes mellitus
1984
Platelets from diabetic subjects with circulating immune complexes (CIC) synthesized greater amounts of thromboxane than did platelets from CIC-negative patients or controls. In view of the known action of CIC on platelet function, a relationship between these two factors may be suggested in the initiation and progression of microangiopathy in diabetes.
Cannabinoid control of brain bioenergetics: Exploring the subcellular localization of the CB1 receptor
2014
Brain mitochondrial activity is centrally involved in the central control of energy balance. When studying mitochondrial functions in the brain, however, discrepant results might be obtained, depending on the experimental approaches. For instance, immunostaining experiments and biochemical isolation of organelles expose investigators to risks of false positive and/or false negative results. As an example, the functional presence of cannabinoid type 1 (CB1) receptors on brain mitochondrial membranes (mtCB1) was recently reported and rapidly challenged, claiming that the original observation was likely due to artifact results. Here, we addressed this issue by directly comparing the procedures…
A miRNA181a/NFAT5 axis links impaired T cell tolerance induction with autoimmune type 1 diabetes.
2018
Molecular checkpoints that trigger the onset of islet autoimmunity or progression to human type 1 diabetes (T1D) are incompletely understood. Using T cells from children at an early stage of islet autoimmunity without clinical T1D, we find that a microRNA181a (miRNA181a)-mediated increase in signal strength of stimulation and costimulation links nuclear factor of activated T cells 5 (NFAT5) with impaired tolerance induction and autoimmune activation. We show that enhancing miRNA181a activity increases NFAT5 expression while inhibiting FOXP3+ regulatory T cell (Treg) induction in vitro. Accordingly, Treg induction is improved using T cells from NFAT5 knockout (NFAT5ko) animals, whereas alter…
Interleukin 1α Promotes Th1 Differentiation and Inhibits Disease Progression in Leishmania major–susceptible BALB/c Mice
2003
Protective immunity against pathogens such as Leishmania major is mediated by interleukin (IL)-12–dependent Th1-immunity. We have shown previously that skin-dendritic cells (DCs) from both resistant C57BL/6 and susceptible BALB/c mice release IL-12 when infected with L. major, and infected BALB/c DCs effectively vaccinate against leishmaniasis. To determine if cytokines other than IL-12 might influence disease outcome, we surveyed DCs from both strains for production of a variety of cytokines. Skin-DCs produced significantly less IL-1α in response to lipopolysaccharide/interferon γ or L. major when expanded from BALB/c as compared with C57BL/6 mice. In addition, IL-1α mRNA accumulation in l…