Search results for " present"

showing 10 items of 566 documents

The reason for a project that was never performed: Alvar Aalto and the residential complex in Pavia (1966-68)

2015

This paper aims to analyze the characteristics of the project for the residential complex "Patrizia" in Pavia by Alvar Aalto (1966-1968). Although not realized, for political and economic reasons, the project offers an interesting example of urban planning in an “organic key”. In particular, this paper aims to contextualize the project of Aalto in the broader context of the residential building in Italy after World War II, when the problems of reconstruction and "home" are the heart of the debate on architecture. The project, in fact, takes place in the years immediately following the experiments of the social housing plan INA CASA (1949-63), which - with differences in design and architect…

Il presente contributo intende analizzare le caratteristiche del progetto di Alvar Aalto per il complesso residenziale “Patrizia” nella periferia S-O di Pavia ideato tra il 1966 e 1968. Sebbene non realizzato per motivazioni politico-economiche il progetto offre un interessante esempio di pianificazione urbana in chiave organica. Esso reinterpreta infatti le regole dell’insediamento storico pavese integrandosi nell’orografia della valle del fiume Ticino con un intervento a “scala umana” con una rete di percorsi pedonali verde attrezzato agricolo ed edifici ad anse regolari che seguono l’andamento delle curve di livello del luogo. In particolare questo contributo vuole contestualizzare il progetto di Aalto nel quadro più ampio dell’edilizia residenziale in Italia nel secondo dopoguerra quando il problema della ricostruzione e della “casa” sono il cuore del dibattito sull’architettura. Il progetto si colloca infatti negli anni immediatamente successivi alle sperimentazioni del piano sociale per l’edilizia pubblica INA CASA (1949-63) che con differenze progettuali e linguistiche variabili da regione a regione aveva comunque attinto molto dal neoempirismo scandinavo desumendo da quest’ultimo modelli insediativi tipologie edilizie e schemi distributivi interni alle abitazioni spesso però scadendo nel linguaggio vernacolare. Il quartiere “Patrizia” mostra rispetto agli esempi italiani un salto di qualità dovuto alla visione “organica” dell’architettura di Aalto e al suo approccio libero dai pregiudizi e dal “peso della storia” che gravava su tanti architetti italiani. Molti furono infatti gli oppositori al piano pavese che vedevano nel progetto di Aalto una minaccia per il centro storico di Pavia. Per analizzare il progetto ci si servirà quindi di due chiavi di lettura: una interna che ne descriverà le caratteristiche attraverso i disegni le relazioni scritte anche in rapporto ad altre opere del maestro finlandese e una esterna che contestualizzerà il progetto nel particolare momento storico italiano della ricostruzione post-bellica cercando anche di valutare gli apporti e l’influenza di Aalto sull’architettura italiana in particolare su alcuni protagonisti come Giancarlo De CarloSettore ICAR/18 - Storia Dell'Architettura
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Liberalizing Industrial Relations in Southern-Europe: Towards the End of a Coordinated and Egalitarian Model

2016

The paper focuses on the changes that occurred to the architecture of industrial relations in Southern-European countries during the last decade. In particular, the bargaining systems of Italy, France, Spain, Greece and Portugal are compared, with a particular attention to the legislative measures enacted under the influence of international institutions after the 2008 financial and sovereign debt crisis. The theoretical framework, under which the process of transformation is analysed, is the literature on comparative politics as recently reviewed by Thelen. At the same time, the work takes into account the labour law dogmatic category of "inderogability", represented by the couple law-bran…

Il presente lavoro analizza i cambiamenti nell'architettura delle relazioni industriali in Europa del Sud durante l'ultimo decennio. Al riguardo vengono comparati i sistemi di contrattazione collettiva di Italia Francia Spagna Grecia e Portogallo con particolare attenzione ai provvedimenti legislativi emanati dietro influenza delle istituzioni internazionali dopo la crisi finanziaria e del debito sovrano del 2008. Il contesto teorico di riferimento è rappresentato dalla letteratura in materia di politica comparata come di recente rivista da Thelen. Nel contempo l’analisi è svolta alla luce della categoria giuslavoristica di “norma inderogabile” costituita dal binomio legge-contratto collettivo nazionale figlio dei trente glorieuses. Tale architettura delle relazioni industriali è stata fortemente erosa dal rafforzamento della capacità derogatoria degli accordi aziendali. Pertanto attraverso l'uso di una comparazione multidisciplinare l'articolo dimostra che le nazioni oggetto di studio stanno transitando da un contesto di elevata regolazione verso una comune traiettoria “neo-liberale” vista la crescente asimmetria di potere tra lavoro e capitale in favore del secondo.Settore IUS/07 - Diritto Del Lavoro
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Corso di diritto internazionale

2023

Serving as a single-volume introduction to international law, the book seeks to present international law as a system characterized by an ongoing process of sectoralization and institutionalization.

Il volume intende fornire una introduzione completa al diritto internazionale presentandolo come caratterizzato da un processo ancora in corso di settorializzazione e istituzionalizzazione.Settore IUS/13 - Diritto Internazionale
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The T-cell response in patients with cancer

2002

Publisher Summary The chapter examines several methods to measure human T-cell responses, including ELISPOT analysis, intracellular cytokine staining of immune cells after antigenic stimulation, limiting dilution analysis, conventional cloning, and molecular definition of the T-cell response either in the peripheral circulation or in situ in patients with cancer The chapter presents the cellular immune response in patients with cancer. The chapter explores the recent studies that suggest humoral immunity and T-cell-mediated immunity are closely linked. In addition, most of the data concerning antitumor immune responses have been generated using MHC class I tetramer reagents. The ultimate go…

Immune systemCytokineELISPOTmedicine.medical_treatmentHumoral immunityAntigen presentationImmunologyMHC class Imedicinebiology.proteinHuman leukocyte antigenBiologyAcquired immune system
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Dendritic cells and the handling of antigen

2003

Dendritic cells (DC) are a sparsely distributed, migratory group of bone marrow-derived leucocytes that are specialized for the uptake, transport, processing and presentation of antigens to T cells [1,2]. At an immature stage of development DC are considered as the first-line sentinels in immune surveillance of peripheral tissues, including epithelia of the skin and mucosal surfaces, where they sample continuously the antigenic local microenvironment by uptake of self- and exogenous antigen via macropinocytosis/endocytosis [3,4]. The efficiency of DC to initiate an immune response against infectious disease is due to their constant trafficking between peripheral tissues and draining lymph n…

Immune systembiologyAntigenImmunologyMHC class IImmunologyAntigen presentationbiology.proteinImmunology and AllergyCytotoxic T cellEndocytosisAntigen-presenting cellCD8Clinical and Experimental Immunology
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Costimulatory signalling potential of murine MHC class II‐positive T‐clone cells

1996

Activated human and rat T cells as well as mouse T-cell clones have been reported to synthesize and express major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules. However, the capacity of class II+ antigen (Ag) presenting T cells to induce proliferation of Ag-specific cloned T cells has been controversial. We analysed whether the failure of some T-cell clones to proliferate in response to Ag presented by class II+ T cells is because of a lack of costimulatory cytokine production by the antigen-presenting cells (APC). As a model system the mouse class II+ cloned BI/O4.1 T cells were used as APC in order to activate the T cell clone KIII5. This T-helper 1 (Th1) type, GAT (synthetic copoly…

ImmunologyAntigen presentationCD1Antigen-Presenting CellsPolymerase Chain ReactionCell LineMiceInterleukin 21T-Lymphocyte SubsetsAnimalsImmunology and AllergyCytotoxic T cellIL-2 receptorAntigen-presenting cellMice Inbred C3HMHC class IICD40biologyHistocompatibility Antigens Class IIReceptors Interleukin-2Th1 CellsInterleukin-12Molecular biologyMice Inbred C57BLbiology.proteinInterleukin-2Cell DivisionSpleenSignal TransductionResearch ArticleImmunology
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Stalemating a clever opportunist: lessons from murine cytomegalovirus.

2003

Abstract Cytomegaloviruses and their specific hosts have come to an arrangement that avoids disease but allows the viruses to persist in the individual host and to spread in the host species. Recent work has uncovered some of the molecular details of this evolutionary “contract for mutual survival.” Cytomegaloviruses encode proteins, referred to as “immunoevasins,” which are specifically committed to subvert the immune defense of the host for evading virus elimination. In reply, the hosts have evolved countermeasures to overcome the viral immunoevasins and present antigenic peptides to an extent that is sufficient for confining virus replication to below a harmful level. Accordingly, cytome…

ImmunologyAntigen presentationCongenital cytomegalovirus infectionDown-RegulationDiseaseImmunodominanceBiologyCD8-Positive T-LymphocytesMajor histocompatibility complexInterferon-gammaMiceViral ProteinsViral Envelope ProteinsmedicineImmunology and AllergyCytotoxic T cellAnimalsImmunologic SurveillanceGlycoproteinsAntigen PresentationMembrane GlycoproteinsCytomegalic inclusion diseaseHistocompatibility Antigens Class IModels ImmunologicalGeneral Medicinemedicine.diseaseVirologyPeptide FragmentsProtein TransportViral replicationCytomegalovirus Infectionsbiology.proteinCarrier ProteinsHuman immunology
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Macrophages Escape Inhibition of Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I-Dependent Antigen Presentation by Cytomegalovirus

2000

ABSTRACTThe mouse cytomegalovirus (MCMV)m152- andm06-encoded glycoproteins gp40 and gp48, respectively, independently downregulate major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I surface expression during the course of productive MCMV infection in fibroblasts. As a result, presentation of an immediate-early protein pp89-derived nonapeptide toH-2Ld-restricted CD8+cytotoxic T cells is completely prevented in fibroblasts. Here we demonstrate that MCMV-infected primary bone marrow macrophages and the macrophage cell line J774 constitutively present pp89 peptides during permissive MCMV infection to cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL). In contrast to fibroblasts, expression of them152andm06genes in macr…

ImmunologyAntigen presentationCytomegalovirusBone Marrow CellsCD8-Positive T-LymphocytesMajor histocompatibility complexMicrobiologyCell LineImmediate-Early ProteinsMiceViral ProteinsViral Envelope ProteinsVirologyMHC class IAnimalsCytotoxic T cellAntigen-presenting cellAntigen PresentationMice Inbred BALB CMembrane GlycoproteinsbiologyAntigen processingMacrophagesHistocompatibility Antigens Class IMHC restrictionMolecular biologyInsect Sciencebiology.proteinPathogenesis and ImmunityCD8Journal of Virology
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Toll-like receptors – sentries in the B-cell response

2009

Summary Toll-like receptors (TLR) play a central role in the initiation of the innate immune response to pathogens. Upon recognition of molecular motifs specific for microbial molecules TLR mediate pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion and enhance antigen presentation; in B cells they further promote expansion, class switch recombination and immunoglobulin secretion. As a result of their adjuvant properties, TLR ligands have become an integral component of antimicrobial vaccines. In spite of this, little is known of the direct effects of TLR engagement on B-lymphocyte function. The scope of this review is to outline the differences in TLR expression and reactivity in murine and human B-cell s…

ImmunologyAntigen presentationReview ArticleBiologyImmunoglobulin secretionImmunomodulationMicemedicineImmunology and AllergyAnimalsHumansReceptorB cellB-LymphocytesInnate immune systemToll-Like ReceptorsImmunoglobulin Class SwitchingImmunity InnateCell biologymedicine.anatomical_structureImmunoglobulin class switchingImmunologyAntibody FormationHost-Pathogen InteractionsCytokine secretionFunction (biology)
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La dimensione tecnologica del museo: forme, tecniche, "identità mutanti" tra storia e contemporaneità

2005

Nella cultura contemporanea il tema della conservazione dell’eredità storica, della rappresentazione e della trasmissibilità dell’arte è argomento ampiamente dibattuto. La forza culturale del museo, detentore dell’eredità, può essere interpretata secondo diverse traiettorie di forme. La memoria intende esprimersi sulle origini e sul significato della "macchina museale" attraverso l’analisi critica dell’oggetto, sia esso contenitore, palco di rappresentazione o scena interattiva. Sonda i processi di comunicazione relativamente alla forma architettonica, alla funzione ed alla fruizione del prodotto espositivo. Tenendo conto delle diverse scuole di pensiero sulla spettacolarizzazione dell’arte…

In present days the storical heritage the transmission of art and its performance is very important argument of debate. Its representation is the building museum in many different forms. The building museum of art is the most important place for exsposition of masterpieces instead the museum of architecture exhibits the works through projects and patterns. Today museum reconstructs the human perception of space using new technologies. The same thing happens for the museum of science and technique where the visitor gets involved in scientific representation. Therefore museum can be a place of study and scientific research. It can be either memory of past times or place of contemporaneity. This study expresses origin and meaning of building museum through the critical analysis of architectonic forms technological aims and the proper use of the exspositive space.Settore ICAR/12 - Tecnologia Dell'Architettura
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