Search results for "Additive"

Analog joint source-channel Multiple Description coding scheme over AWGN parallel channels

2011

We propose a low complexity analog joint source channel coding Multiple Description (MD) scheme for transmitting the symbols of a Gaussian source across a pair of independent AWGN channels. The outputs of these channels have each a separated receiver, whereas a third receiver has both outputs available. At the transmitter side, a pair of bandwidth-reduction analog mappings are used for joint source-channel coding. The presented scheme has the inherent advantage over digital MD schemes based on separation, that coding and decoding can be performed by using a single-letter (or symbol), a strategy that is very suitable for applications where latency originated by the digital compression and th…

Probabilistic response of nonlinear systems under combined normal and Poisson white noise via path integral method

2011

In this paper the response in terms of probability density function of nonlinear systems under combined normal and Poisson white noise is considered. The problem is handled via a Path Integral Solution (PIS) that may be considered as a step-by-step solution technique in terms of probability density function. A nonlinear system under normal white noise, Poissonian white noise and under the superposition of normal and Poisson white noise is performed through PIS. The spectral counterpart of the PIS, ruling the evolution of the characteristic functions is also derived. It is shown that at the limit when the time step becomes an infinitesimal quantity an equation ruling the evolution of the pro…

Methods of in vitro toxicology

2002

In vitro methods are common and widely used for screening and ranking chemicals, and have also been taken into account sporadically for risk assessment purposes in the case of food additives. However, the range of food-associated compounds amenable to in vitro toxicology is considered much broader, comprising not only natural ingredients, including those from food preparation, but also compounds formed endogenously after exposure, permissible/authorised chemicals including additives, residues, supplements, chemicals from processing and packaging and contaminants. A major promise of in vitro systems is to obtain mechanism-derived information that is considered pivotal for adequate risk asses…

A statistical study of the additivities of substituent effects in the13C NMR chemical shifts of hydroxy- and chloro-substituted benzenes

1980

The 13C NMR spectra of six hydroxybenzenes, all chlorobenzenes, all chlorophenols and eight chlorocatechols are measured and assigned. The additivity of the substituent effects and the usefulness of some corrective parameters are studied with regression analysis. The order of the chemical shifts is most efficiently predicted by the simplest substituent effect model, containing only the direct effects of the substituents, although the 95% confidence limits of the calculated shifts are as high as 5.6 ppm. If the chemical shifts need to be predicted within the measuring errors (approximately 0.05–0.10 ppm, in the present data), the number of necessary corrections is very impractical. The corre…

Improvement of analytical methods in post‐market monitoring of food additives and testing of the improved methods (OC/EFSA/DCM/2012/04): Interim repo…

2014

Lead, cadmium and chromium content of edible vegetables grown in three different agricultural areas

1990

(1990). Lead, cadmium and chromium content of edible vegetables grown in three different agricultural areas. Food Additives & Contaminants: Vol. 7, No. sup1, pp. S22-S25.

General Set-Up

2017

A complete characterization of all weakly additive measures and of all valuations on the canonical extension of any finite MV-chain

2010

We consider extensions of the unique additive measure on a finite MV-chain to uncertainty measures on its canonical Girard algebra extension. If the underlying MV-chain has more than two non-trivial elements, in a previous paper we have proved the non-existence of strongly additive measure extensions, where strong additivity is defined as additivity not for all disjoint unions but only restricted to the so-called divisible disjoint unions. This negative result motivates to look for weakly additive measure extensions which are defined to be additive only on all MV-subalgebras of the canonical Girard algebra extension. We obtain a characterization of all such MV-subalgebras which are in fact …

Convergence of Markov Chains

2020

We consider a Markov chain X with invariant distribution π and investigate conditions under which the distribution of X n converges to π as n→∞. Essentially it is necessary and sufficient that the state space of the chain cannot be decomposed into subspaces that the chain does not leave, or that are visited by the chain periodically; e.g., only for odd n or only for even n.

ADDITIVITY FROM MULTIPLE PRIMES IN IDENTIFYING BACKWARD WRITTEN WORDS

1988

Activational theories of memory assume that activation from several sources adds up to an intersecting node. We tested this idea in one experiment where we kept constant the number of primes presented and we manipulated the number of different primes related to the target, the number of presentations of the same prime, or the same target, presented as a prime. We used a task in which the target was always a word, which appeared written backward and had to be identified. We found a strong effect of target repetition and diminished priming in the condition in which the target was repeated. We obtained additivity (greater activation) mainly in the condition in which we presented several diffe…