Search results for "Array"
showing 10 items of 1264 documents
A capacitor selector tool for on-board PDN designs in multigigabit applications
2011
This paper presents a capacitor selector software tool for a proper on-board Power Distribution Network (PDN) design in those high-speed applications which have strict requirements on voltage noise up to the first hundreds of megahertz. Current commercial tools for PDN design only offer a manual choice of the capacitor value and their number simulating the board impedance profile. This manual resolution becomes very hard when the design has high power consumption and noise requirements are very strict. The aim of this software is to solve a basic on-board PDN design minimizing the number of "change simulate-analyze" iterations that have to be carried out in the manual PDN design. This softw…
Design of a mezzanine card with bandwidth aggregation for HPGe gamma spectroscopy
2016
In experimental nuclear physics, HPGe segmented detectors are used to provide high energy resolution of the gamma rays. Besides, 4pi configuration is common to get a full coverage of the interaction point and detection of all the products of the collisions. In this type of experiments, the number of electronic channels can be high (>100) and also the sampling frequency of the digitizing system (>100 Msps). This results in a high data rate per channel (> 2 Gbps) and thus a high aggregated bandwidth to process. In principle, this problem can be solved using a parallel data acquisition system where the input channels (commonly arriving through optical fibers) are read and processed accordingly…
Exploring FPGA‐Based Lock‐In Techniques for Brain Monitoring Applications
2017
Functional near‐infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) systems for e‐health applications usually suffer from poor signal detection, mainly due to a low end‐to‐end signal‐to‐noise ratio of the electronics chain. Lock‐in amplifiers (LIA) historically represent a powerful technique helping to improve performance in such circumstances. In this work a digital LIA system, based on a Zynq® field programmable gate array (FPGA) has been designed and implemented, in an attempt to explore if this technique might improve fNIRS system performance. More broadly, FPGA‐based solution flexibility has been investigated, with particular emphasis applied to digital filter parameters, needed in the digital LIA, and its …
The Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition Process in Wilms Tumor
2011
Background Until now, only a few mouse-transplanted human tumors or experimental Wilms tumor (WT) cell lines have been described. The aim of this study was to show the biological behavior, including histology, immunohistochemistry (IHC), and molecular biology, of a WT including the original tumor and metastasis transferred into nude mice and followed for successive generations in xenografts. Methods A WT metastasis was xenotransplanted into nude mice and the mice was monitored for 7 passages over a period of 29 months; the original neoplasm was comparatively studied. The morphology was evaluated by optical and electron microscopy. The protein expression was analyzed by immunohistochemistry …
A new preprocessing and control board for the phase 2 electronics of AGATA experiment
2016
The electronics of AGATA HPGe segmented gamma ray detector faces a new challenge in the search of a bigger integration and cost reduction for the phase 2 of the experiment going beyond 45 crystals. This opportunity can be used to introduce a new architecture based on commercial standards while keeping backward compatibility with current electronics. In this sense, new FPGA devices and fast Ethernet links can be used to ease the preprocessing and control task and allowing for processor farms to distribute the processing load. At the same time, modularity should be a key feature of the design in the aim to make it upgradable in time and technology. This paper presents the design of a new prep…
Nanoseconds Timing System Based on IEEE 1588 FPGA Implementation
2019
Clock synchronization procedures are mandatory in most physical experiments where event fragments are readout by spatially dislocated sensors and must be glued together to reconstruct key parameters (e.g. energy, interaction vertex etc.) of the process under investigation. These distributed data readout topologies rely on an accurate time information available at the frontend, where raw data are acquired and tagged with a precise timestamp prior to data buffering and central data collecting. This makes the network complexity and latency, between frontend and backend electronics, negligible within upper bounds imposed by the frontend data buffer capability. The proposed research work describ…
Hardware and firmware developments for the upgrade of the ATLAS Level-1 Central Trigger Processor
2014
The Central Trigger Processor (CTP) is the final stage of the ATLAS first level trigger system which reduces the collision rate of 40 MHz to a Level-1 event rate of 100 kHz. An upgrade of the CTP is currently underway to significantly increase the number of trigger inputs and trigger combinations, allowing additional flexibility for the trigger menu. We present the hardware and FPGA firmware of the newly designed core module (CTPCORE+) module of the CTP, as well as results from a system used for early firmware and software prototyping based on commercial FPGA evaluation boards. First test result from the CTPCORE+ module will also be shown.
Experimental study of the quasifission, fusion-fission, and de-excitation of Cf compound nuclei
2015
Background: The fusion-evaporation reaction at energies around the Coulomb barrier is presently the only way to produce the heaviest elements. However, formation of evaporation residues is strongly hindered due to the competing fusion-fission and quasifission processes. Presently, a full understanding of these processes and their relationships has not been reached.Purpose: This work aims to use new fission measurements and existing evaporation residue and fission excitation function data for reactions forming Cf isotopes to investigate the dependence of the quasifission probability and characteristics on the identities of the two colliding nuclei in heavy element formation reactions.Method:…
Measurement of the cosmic ray energy spectrum using hybrid events of the Pierre Auger Observatory
2012
The energy spectrum of ultra-high energy cosmic rays above 10$^{18}$ eV is measured using the hybrid events collected by the Pierre Auger Observatory between November 2005 and September 2010. The large exposure of the Observatory allows the measurement of the main features of the energy spectrum with high statistics. Full Monte Carlo simulations of the extensive air showers (based on the CORSIKA code) and of the hybrid detector response are adopted here as an independent cross check of the standard analysis (Phys. Lett. B 685, 239 (2010)). The dependence on mass composition and other systematic uncertainties are discussed in detail and, in the full Monte Carlo approach, a region of confiden…
Array programming with NumPy.
2020
Array programming provides a powerful, compact and expressive syntax for accessing, manipulating and operating on data in vectors, matrices and higher-dimensional arrays. NumPy is the primary array programming library for the Python language. It has an essential role in research analysis pipelines in fields as diverse as physics, chemistry, astronomy, geoscience, biology, psychology, materials science, engineering, finance and economics. For example, in astronomy, NumPy was an important part of the software stack used in the discovery of gravitational waves1 and in the first imaging of a black hole2. Here we review how a few fundamental array concepts lead to a simple and powerful programmi…