Search results for "Biodiversity and Ecology"

Soilμ3d project: emergent properties of soil microbial functions from 3d modelling and spatial descriptors of pore scale heterogeneity

2021

International audience; The reduction of greenhouse gas emissions by improving the efficiency of agricultural systems through robust ecologically-based management practices represents the most important challenge facing agriculture. Models are needed to evaluate the effects of soil properties, climate, and agricultural management practices on soil carbon and on the nitrogen transformations responsible for GHG emissions. Models of Carbon and nitrogen cycles in soils need improvements so they can provide more accurate and robust predictions. They use empirical functions which account for the different environmental factors that affect microbial functions. However, these types of function have…

Black currant project: Multidisciplinary approach to agro-ecological measures

2022

The decline of wild pollinators leads to a drastic drop in the associated ecosystem service, resulting in significant lossesin agricultural yields. The production of blackcurrant “Noir de Bourgogne” could potentially be tripled, if populationsof wild pollinators were restored. Various agroecological measures beneficial to pollinators are discussed here, as wellas ongoing experimental tests. We discuss the practical possibilities of implementing these measures by blackcurrantgrowers as well as the technical locks that still exist. The return to an agroecological equlibrium for which pollinationbecomes again a free ecosystem service for agriculture, requires the integration of multiple agroec…

La pollinisation du cassis : État des lieux dans un contexte de changements anthropiques.

2019

Cultivated plants are part of their agroecosystem. Recent anthropic changes modified and decreased the wildcompartment of agroecosystems leading to a lowering of ecosystemic services such as pollination. Blackcurrant ispollinated at least partially by insects. In a study on 8 sites in Côte-d’Or, Burgundy, France we showed that pollinatordensity is lower than 0.5 pollinators per minute of observation in blackcurrant orchards. Blackcurrant are preferentiallyvisited by Bombus sp. and to a lesser extent by Andrena and Apis sp. Comparison of pollinator abundance between2018 data and data from ancient publications show that even if the floral abortion rate did not vary significantly, thenumber of…

Ecology of N2O reducing bacteria in arable soils

2016

Nitrous oxide (N2O) is an important greenhouse gas (GHG) and the main ozone depleting substance. Agricultural soils are the main anthropogenic-induced source of this GHG. The concentration of N2O in the atmosphere is steadily increasing, but we still lack knowledge on the factors controlling its production and consumption in soils. The reduction of N2O to N2 by microorganisms harboring the N2O reductase gene (nosZ) is the only known biological process able to consume this GHG. Recent studies revealed a previously unknown clade of N2O-reducers which was shown to be important to the N2O sink capacity of soils. This thesis seeks to gain a greater understanding on the ecology of N2O-reducers in…

Search for biological signature of the degradation of chlordecone in soil of the French West Indies

2015

The use of chlordecone (CLD) to eradicate the weevil populations in the banana plantations in the French West Indies (Guadeloupe and Martinique) between 1972 and 1993 led to the contamination of the soil and the environment. This very hydrophobic organochlorine insecticide persists in the soil where it slowly transfers not only to the water resources but also to terrestrial and aquatic biota (plants, animals, fishes, shellfishes). Deemed “non-degradable”, CLD is resistant to photolysis, hydrolysis and biodegradation. To date, there is no method to remediate the 20,000 hectares of polluted soil with this insecticide. Given the extent of CLD pollution, biological decontamination processes app…

Microbial diversity and structure are drivers of the biological barrier effect against Listeria monocytogenes in soil

2013

International audience; Understanding the ecology of pathogenic organisms is important in order to monitor their transmission in the environment and the related health hazards. We investigated the relationship between soil microbial diversity and the barrier effect against Listeria monocytogenes invasion. By using a dilution-to-extinction approach, we analysed the consequence of eroding microbial diversity on L. monocytogenes population dynamics under standardised conditions of abiotic parameters and microbial abundance in soil microcosms. We demonstrated that highly diverse soil microbial communities act as a biological barrier against L. monocytogenes invasion and that phylogenetic compos…

Conception de systèmes Agricoles Agroécologiques à l'échelle d'un territoire

2013

National audience; Les présentations et discussions sont orientées vers des aspects à la fois fondamentaux et appliqués de la recherche pour la conception de systèmes de culture durables. Il s'agit d'harmoniser les avancées les plus récentes dans les domaines aussi variés que la génétique, l'agronomie, l'agro-écologie et l'écologie du paysage avec les réflexions des acteurs de l'agriculture. Nous souhaitons que ces journées soient une opportunité pour les chercheurs et les doctorants de l'UMR agro-écologie d'échanger et de prendre des contacts avec des chercheurs d'autres unités et instituts, et d'établir des liens entre la science et les acteurs socio-économiques. Le workshop sera l'occasi…

Bioalternatives to chemicals in plant production and in cleaning up the environment: hopes and reality

2012

Mycorrhiza-induced resistance againsta root-rot pathogen in petunia: molecular mechanisms

2012

Cultiver sans herbicides? Possible dit l'INRA

2012

EA EcolDur CT1 Interview article par S. Huet