Search results for "Chain length"
showing 10 items of 54 documents
1977
The thermal behavior of cycloalkanes (CH2)n with 12 ≤ n ≤ 84 prepared by metathesis reaction of cyclododecene, GPC separation of the oligomers, and hydrogenation has been investigated. The molar enthalpies of fusion being lower by a certain amount than those of the corresponding n-alkanes are a linear function of the chain length n. The entropy of fusion per CH2 increases with chain length in a not-linear mode (when plotted vs. 1/n). The melting points of the cycloalkanes are lower than those of the corresponding n-alkanes, the difference becoming smaller with increasing chain length.
Reaktionskinetik der polymerisationshemmung durch molekularen sauerstoff. (Versuche mit methylmethacrylat)
1956
Wahrend der Inhibierungsperiode findet eine streng alternierende Copolymerisation zwischen molekularem Sauerstoff und dem monomeren Methacrylat statt. Die Alternierung kommt dadurch zustande, das die Anlagerung von O2 an ein radikalisches Kettenende mit einer um mindestens 5 Grosenordnungen hoheren Geschwindigkeitskonstante erfolgt als die Anlagerung des Monomeren. Die Reaktionsfahigkeit des Sauerstoffs bei dieser Reaktion entspricht somit der eines freien Radikals. Die Lange der hierbei auftretenden Reaktionsketten liegt in der Grosenordnung 102, das ist 2 Grosenordnungen kleiner als die Ketten bei der normalen Polymerisation. Der Abbruch der Copolymerisationsketten erfolgt zwischen zwei R…
Electron Transfer and Conformational Interconversions in 1, n ‐Diphenylpolyenes
1988
1,4-Diphenylbutadiene (1), 1,6-diphenylhexatriene (2), and 1,8-diphenylocatatetraene (3) are reduced with alkali metals and the resulting paramagnetic monoanions and diamagnetic dianions characterized by ESR and (1H-, 13C-)NMR spectroscopy, respectively. The stereodynamic behavior of the ions is studied as a function of chain length, charge, and counterion. The reduction of 1, 2, and 3 serves as a model experiment for the doping of extended linear polyenes (polyacetylenes). Elektronenubertragungen und Konformationsanderungen in 1,n-Diphenylpolyenen 1,4-Diphenylbutadien (1), 1,6-Diphenylhexatrien (2) und 1,8-Diphenyloctatetraen (3) werden mit Alkalimetallen reduziert, und die resultierenden …
Equilibria in the anionic polymerization of methyl methacrylate, 1. Chain-length dependence of the rate and equilibrium constants
1986
The rate constants of polymerization and cyclization and the equilibrium constants of polymerization are calculated from kinetic data of the anionic oligomerization of methyl methacrylate initiated by methyl α-lithioisobutyrate in THF at 25°C, and of the “disproportionation” of living oligomers. The numeric method reported earlier was improved. The rate constants of cyclization decrease with chain-length, due to increasing steric hindrance. The rate constants of polymerization depend on the concentration of active centres, due to the formation of associates. Rate and equilibrium constants of polymerization decrease with chain-length. This is discussed in terms of intramolecular coordination…
Carbanionic Polymerization: Kinetics and Thermodynamics
1989
For a kinetic analysis, the process of anionic polymerization has to be divided into at least three main reactions common to all types of polymerization (equations 1–3). I* denotes initiator, M monomer, Pi* and Pi′ an active or inactive polymer chain of degree of polymerization i, respectively, and X a terminating agent.
Solid-state polymerization of oxetanes. II. Investigation of the growth of the polymer phase as related to the mechanism of polymerization
1973
The radiation-induced solid-state polymerization of 3,3-bischloromethyloxetane (BCMO) was investigated by direct observation of the development of the morphology of the growing polymer phase in single crystals of the monomer. Electron microscopy shows that the polymerization gives rise to amorphous polymer in the first step. The polymer forms irregular platelets which aggregate into larger units without reflecting the crystalline order of the monomer. Subsequent to polymerization, the amorphous polymer crystallizes to the β-modification of poly-BCMO. If the partially polymerized crystals are extracted by solvents of the monomer, crystallization of the polymer is enhanced, and morphological …
Polymerization reactions and modifications of polymers by ionizing radiation
2020
International audience; Ionizing radiation has become the most effective way to modify natural and synthetic polymers through crosslinking, degradation, and graft polymerization. This review will include an in-depth analysis of radiation chemistry mechanisms and the kinetics of the radiation-induced C-centered free radical, anion, and cation polymerization, and grafting. It also presents sections on radiation modifications of synthetic and natural polymers. For decades, low linear energy transfer (LLET) ionizing radiation, such as gamma rays, X-rays, and up to 10 MeV electron beams, has been the primary tool to produce many products through polymerization reactions. Photons and electrons in…
Initiatoren für die polymerisation des trioxane. 20. Mitt. über polyoxymethylene1
1963
Die Polymerisation des Trioxans bei 60°C in Cyclohexan mit verschiedenen kationischen Initiatoren wurde untersucht. Die aktivsten Initiatoren sind Acetylperchlorat, Perchlorsaure, FeCl3 und SnCl4. Die Molekulargewichte der erhaltenen Polyoxymethylene sind bei den aktivsten Initiatoren am hochsten. Der Einflus der ubertragung durch Wasser und der kinetischen Kettenlange auf die Molekulargewichte wird diskutiert. Wahrend der Polymerisation kann durch den Initiator eine Spaltung bereits gebildeter Makromolekule erfolgen, welche die Molekulargewichte stark reduziert. Die Frage der Cokatalyse bei der kationischen Polymerisation des Trioxans mit Ansolvosauren wurde untersucht. Bei der Polymerisat…
What Limits the Molecular Weight and Controlled Synthesis of Poly(3-alkyltellurophene)s?
2016
Polytellurophenes are an emerging class of conjugated polymers; however, their controlled polymerization leading to high molecular weight materials has been a major challenge. Here we present a systematic investigation of the synthesis of poly(3-alkyltellurophene)s using the catalyst transfer polycondensation methodology. Learning that previous syntheses were limited by both polymerization reaction kinetics and polymer solubility, we design new tellurophene monomers to overcome these limitations. Controlled polymerization behavior up to Mn = 25 kDa, chain extension, block copolymerization, external initiation, and well-defined end groups are demonstrated for poly(3-alkyltellurophene)s with …
Branched and Functionalized Polybutadienes by a Facile Two-Step Synthesis
2008
Anionic polymerization was used to prepare silane-endfunctionalized polybutadiene macromonomers with different molecular weights ranging from 9 000 to 34000 g .mol- 1 . These were polymerized by a hydrosilylation reaction in bulk to obtain branched polymers, using Karstedt's catalyst. Surprisingly, the addition of monofunctional silanes during the polymerization showed only a minimal effect concerning the degree of polymerization. Furthermore, it was possible to introduce a variety of functional silanes without increasing the overall number of reaction steps by a convenient AB 2 + A type "pseudocopolymerization" method. All branched polymers were analyzed by SEC, SEC-MALLS, SEC-viscosimetry…