Search results for "Chen"

Contextuality is About Identity of Random Variables

2014

Contextual situations are those in which seemingly "the same" random variable changes its identity depending on the conditions under which it is recorded. Such a change of identity is observed whenever the assumption that the variable is one and the same under different conditions leads to contradictions when one considers its joint distribution with other random variables (this is the essence of all Bell-type theorems). In our Contextuality-by-Default approach, instead of asking why or how the conditions force "one and the same" random variable to change "its" identity, any two random variables recorded under different conditions are considered different "automatically". They are never the…

Necessary and Sufficient Conditions for an Extended Noncontextuality in a Broad Class of Quantum Mechanical Systems

2015

The notion of (non)contextuality pertains to sets of properties measured one subset (context) at a time. We extend this notion to include so-called inconsistently connected systems, in which the measurements of a given property in different contexts may have different distributions, due to contextual biases in experimental design or physical interactions (signaling): a system of measurements has a maximally noncontextual description if they can be imposed a joint distribution on in which the measurements of any one property in different contexts are equal to each other with the maximal probability allowed by their different distributions. We derive necessary and sufficient conditions for th…

A Rapid Method for Amplification of Plastome DNA-Fragments from Spinacia oleracea by PCR

1993

Summary Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) was used as a very powerful technique to amplify DNA-fragments. Isolated chloroplasts and a crude suspension of small leaf pieces of Spinacia oleracea were osmotically shocked and subsequently heated. Aliquots of the resulting homogenate including the organelle DNA were directly added to basic reaction mixtures to carry out PCR without additional isolation- or purification steps. A 180 by DNA-fragment from the psbA-gene was amplified in both cases. In parallel, plasmid-DNA (pHT1) bearing the psbA-gene was subjected to PCR retaining unchanged reaction conditions. Identical DNA-fragments were obtained, as the following sequencing revealed. With the meth…

Die Gesetze über den Civilprocess vor den Friedensgerichten der Ostseeprovinzen /

1882

Noraksti no Kurzemes hercogistes un Livonijas likumu krājumiem, 1606.-1698. gada dokumenti [Mietausche Policeÿ Ordnung von Anno 1606. 5. Septembris]

1698

Nosaukums pirmajā lapā: Mietausche Policeÿ Ordnung von Anno 1606. 5. Septembris

Des Hertzogthums Lieflands Ritter- und Land-Recht

1739

Die Reformation in Livland: ein Beitrag zur Geschichte Livlands sowohl, als der Reformation

1850

Izvilkums no: Mittheilungen aus dem Gebiete der Geschichte Liv-, Ehst- und Kurland's. Bd. 5, 1.

Increased thyroid cancer incidence in a basaltic volcanic area is associated with non-anthropogenic pollution and biocontamination

2016

The increased thyroid cancer incidence in volcanic areas suggests an environmental effect of volcanic-originated carcinogens. To address this problem, we evaluated environmental pollution and biocontamination in a volcanic area of Sicily with increased thyroid cancer incidence. Thyroid cancer epidemiology was obtained from the Sicilian Regional Registry for Thyroid Cancer. Twenty-seven trace elements were measured by quadrupole mass spectrometry in the drinking water and lichens (to characterize environmental pollution) and in the urine of residents (to identify biocontamination) in the Mt. Etna volcanic area and in adjacent control areas. Thyroid cancer incidence was 18.5 and 9.6/10(5) inh…

A Qualified Kolmogorovian Account of Probabilistic Contextuality

2014

We describe a mathematical language for determining all possible patterns of contextuality in the dependence of stochastic outputs of a system on its deterministic inputs. The central principle contextuality-by-default is that the outputs indexed by mutually incompatible values of inputs are stochastically unrelated; but they can be coupled imposed a joint distribution on in a variety of ways. A system is characterized by a pattern of which outputs can be "directly influenced" by which inputs a primitive relation, hypothetical or normative, and by certain constraints imposed on the outputs such as Bell-type inequalities or their quantum analogues. The set of couplings compatible with these …

Two New Retigerane-Type Sesterterpenoids from the Lichen Leprocaulon microscopicum

2016

International audience; Two new sesterterpenes, 1 and 2, have been isolated from the lichen Leprocaulon microscopicum. In addition to classic chromatographic methods, a liquid-liquid chromatography technique, namely centrifugal partition chromatography (CPC) was applied for the purification of compound 2. The structures were determined by analyses of mass spectrometry and 1D- and 2D-NMR data. The relative configuration of the isolated compounds was assigned on the basis of 2D-NOESY experiments. The two compounds possess a rare pentacyclic carbon skeleton typical for lichen metabolism, and quite unusual in the vegetal kingdom.