Search results for "Clostridium Difficile"

Enhanced terminal room disinfection and acquisition and infection caused by multidrug-resistant organisms and Clostridium difficile (the Benefits of …

2017

Summary Background Patients admitted to hospital can acquire multidrug-resistant organisms and Clostridium difficile from inadequately disinfected environmental surfaces. We determined the effect of three enhanced strategies for terminal room disinfection (disinfection of a room between occupying patients) on acquisition and infection due to meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus , vancomycin-resistant enterococci, C difficile , and multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter . Methods We did a pragmatic, cluster-randomised, crossover trial at nine hospitals in the southeastern USA. Rooms from which a patient with infection or colonisation with a target organism was discharged were terminally dis…

Morphological changes in adherent cells induced by Clostridium difficile toxins.

1991

Diagnóstico microbiológico de las infecciones gastrointestinales

2009

Resumen Las infecciones agudas del tracto gastrointestinal figuran entre las enfermedades infecciosas más frecuentes. En esta revisión se examinan diversas técnicas para diagnosticar las gastroenteritis que ocasionan bacterias, virus y parásitos. El coprocultivo es el método de elección para el diagnóstico de las infecciones bacterianas intestinales, aunque las infecciones por Clostridium difficile se pueden diagnosticar mediante la detección de las toxinas A y B en las heces y las infecciones por Escherichia coli diarreagénicas se pueden diagnosticar mediante la detección por reacción en cadena de la polimerasa de factores de virulencia específicos de los diversos enteropatotipos. Las técn…

Selective growth-inhibitory effect of 8-hydroxyquinoline towards Clostridium difficile and Bifidobacterium longum subsp. longum in co-culture analyse…

2014

The major risk factor for Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) is the use of antibiotics owing to the disruption of the equilibrium of the host gut microbiota. To preserve the beneficial resident probiotic bacteria during infection treatment, the use of molecules with selective antibacterial activity enhances the efficacy by selectively removing C. difficile. One of them is the plant alkaloid 8-hydroxyquinoline (8HQ), which has been shown to selectively inhibit clostridia without repressing bifidobacteria. Selective antimicrobial activity is generally tested by culture techniques of individual bacterial strains. However, the main limitation of these techniques is the inability to describe …

Cloning of Clostridium difficile toxin B gene and demonstration of high N-terminal homology between toxin A and B.

1990

High titered Clostridium sordellii lethal toxin antiserum, cross-reactive with C. difficile cytotoxin B (ToxB), was used to isolate toxB fragments from a C. difficile expression library. Recombinant clones containing toxB fragments of the 5' and 3' end were isolate. A 2.5-kb HincII fragment of chromosomal DNA overlaps both groups of clones. A partial restriction map of the total toxB gene is presented. The gene is positioned upstream of utxA and toxA, toxB has a size of 6.9 kb, corresponding to a 250-kDa polypeptide. A partial sequence of the 5' end of toxB was determined. The sequence contains 398 bp upstream of toxB with a putative Shine-Dalgarno box (AGGAGA) and 609 bp of the toxB open r…

Recombinant epidermolytic (exfoliative) toxin A of Staphylococcus aureus is not a superantigen

1992

The epidermolytic (exfoliative) toxins produced by Staphylococcus aureus cause epidermolysis and skin blistering. In addition, they have been implicated to belong to the group of T lymphocyte stimulating molecules known as "superantigens". Here we show that recombinant epidermolytic toxin A produced in S. aureus is not mitogenic for human and murine T lymphocytes. We discuss the possibility that minute contaminations of highly mitogenic exoproteins may cause the mitogenicity in several proteins that are reported to be superantigens.

Colonization Resistance of the Gut Microbiota against Clostridium difficile

2015

Antibiotics strongly disrupt the human gut microbiota, which in consequence loses its colonization resistance capacity, allowing infection by opportunistic pathogens such as Clostridium difficile. This bacterium is the main cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea and a current problem in developed countries, since its incidence and severity have increased during the last years. Furthermore, the emergence of antibiotic resistance strains has reduced the efficiency of the standard treatment with antibiotics, leading to a higher rate of relapses. Here, we review recent efforts focused on the impact of antibiotics in the gut microbiome and their relationship with C. difficile colonization, as w…

Reduction of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) related nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) translocation but not inhibitor kappa-B (Iκ-B)-degradation by …

2002

Degradation of inhibitor kappa-B (Ikappa-B) followed by translocation of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) into the nucleus and activation of gene expression is essential in tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha)-signaling. In order to analyze the role of Rho proteins in TNF-alpha-induced NF-kappaB-activation in human umbilical cord vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) we used Clostridium difficile toxin B-10463 (TcdB-10463) which inactivates RhoA/Rac1/Cdc42 by glucosylation and Clostridium botulinum C3-toxin which inhibits RhoA/B/C by ADP-ribosylation. Exposure of HUVEC to 10 ng/mL TcdB-10463 or 2.5 microg/mL C3-toxin inhibited TNF-alpha (100 ng/mL)-induced expression of a NF-kappaB-dependent r…

A role for Rho in receptor- and G protein-stimulated phospholipase C Reduction in phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate by Clostridium difficile toxi…

1996

Receptors coupled to heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) activate phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PtdIns(4,5)P2)-hydrolyzing phospholipase C (PLC) enzymes by activated alpha of free beta gamma subunits of the relevant G proteins. To study whether low molecular weight G proteins of the Rho family are involved in receptor signaling to PLC, we examined the effect of Clostridium difficile toxin B, which glucosylates and thereby inactivates Rho proteins, on the regulation of PLC activity in human embryonic kidney (HEK) cells stably expressing the m3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR) subtype. Toxin B treatment of HEK cells did not affect basal PLC activi…

Restoration of Clostridium difficile toxin-B-inhibited phospholipase D by phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate.

1996

Receptor signalling to phospholipase D (PLD) in human embryonic kidney (HEK) cells stably expressing the m3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor apparently involves Rho proteins. Since phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate [PtdIns(4,5)P2] has been recognized as an essential cofactor for PLD activity and since activated Rho proteins have been reported to stimulate the synthesis of PtdIns(4,5)P2, we studied whether in HEK cells PLD activity is regulated by PtdIns(4,5)P2 and, in particular, whether PtdIns(4,5)P2 can restore PLD activity inhibited by Clostridium difficile toxin B, which inactivates Rho proteins. Addition of MgATP to permeabilized HEK cells increased basal PLD activity and potentia…