Search results for "FAMILIAL RISK"
showing 10 items of 23 documents
The impact of the endogenous subtype on the familial aggregation of unipolar depression.
1991
The endogenous/non-endogenous distinction of unipolar major depression is widely accepted, as is the family study approach to the validation of diagnostic distinctions. Rates of affective disorders were examined in 689 first-degree relatives of 184 patients with unipolar major depression and were compared with 312 first-degree relatives of 80 healthy controls. Only unipolar depression and alcoholism were more common in families of depressed probands compared with families of healthy controls. As a variety of diagnostic definitions of endogenous depression have been proposed, probands and relatives were diagnosed in a polydiagnostic manner. None of the five diagnostic definitions of endogeno…
Auditory event-related potentials show altered hemispheric responses in dyslexia
2011
Dyslexia is characterized by deficits in phonological processing abilities. However, it is unclear what the underlying factors for poor phonological abilities or speech sound representations are. One hypothesis suggests that individuals with dyslexia have problems in basic acoustic perception which in turn can also cause problems in speech perception. Here basic auditory processing was assessed by auditory event-related potentials recorded for paired tones presented in an oddball paradigm in 9-year-old children with dyslexia and a familial background of dyslexia, typically reading children at familial risk for dyslexia and control children without risk for dyslexia. The tone pairs elicited …
Measuring orthographic transparency and morphological-syllabic complexity in alphabetic orthographies
2017
This narrative review discusses quantitative indices measuring differences between alphabetic languages that are related to the process of word recognition. The specific orthography that a child is acquiring has been identified as a central element influencing reading acquisition and dyslexia. However, the development of reliable metrics to measure differences between language scripts hasn’t received much attention so far. This paper therefore reviews metrics proposed in the literature for quantifying orthographic transparency, syllabic complexity, and morphological complexity of alphabetic languages. The review included searches of Web of Science, PubMed, PsychInfo, Google Scholar, and var…
Brain responses to speech sounds in infants and children with and without familial risk for dyslexia
2015
Dyslexia, a specific reading disability, runs in families. Therefore, the risk for a child to become dyslexic increases multifold if reading difficulties occur in the family. One risk factor for dyslexia is a deficit in speech perception. Using EEG, speech sound discrimination was found to be more demanding than non- speech discrimination in typical readers in Study I. In Study II, in children with dyslexia in 3rd grade, enhanced brain responses were observed and found to be associated with better performance in reading accuracy, spelling accuracy and phonemic length discrimination tasks. The brain responses of the most accurate readers in the dyslexia group originated from a more posterior…
Interest in early shared reading: Its relation to later language and letter knowledge in children with and without risk for reading difficulties
2004
Children’s interest in shared reading (14 and 24 months) and its relation to their later language and letter knowledge (age 3;6) were investigated in a follow-up study. The participants were 156 children and their mothers. Half of these children ( N = 74) came from families where one or both of the parents were diagnosed as reading disabled (the at-risk group), the other half ( N = 82) belonged to the control group. The results revealed that children with and without familial risk for reading difficulties did not differ from each other in the interest they showed towards shared reading. Interestingly, only children in the control group appeared to benefit from shared reading interactions i…
Literacy Skill Development of Children With Familial Risk for Dyslexia Through Grades 2, 3, and 8
2015
This study followed the development of reading speed, reading accuracy, and spelling in transparent Finnish orthography through Grades 2, 3, and 8. We compared two groups of children with familial risk for dyslexia, with or without dyslexia in Grade 2 (Dys_FR, n = 35 and NoDys_FR, n = 66) to a group of children without familial risk and dyslexia (Controls, n = 72). The Dys_FR group showed persisting deficiency especially in reading speed, and, to a minor extent, in reading and spelling accuracy. The Dys_FR children, contrary to the other two groups, relied heavily on letter-by-letter decoding in Grades 2 and 3. In children not fulfilling the criteria for dyslexia in Grade 2, the familial ri…
Body Weight, Physical Activity, and Risk of Cancer in Lynch Syndrome
2021
Simple Summary Lifestyle modifies cancer risk in the general public. How lifestyle modifies cancer risk in individuals carrying the inherited pathogenic gene variants in DNA mismatch repair genes (Lynch syndrome) remains understudied. We conducted a retrospective study with cancer register data to investigate associations between body weight, physical activity, and cancer risk among Finnish Lynch syndrome carriers (n = 465, 54% women). The results of our study indicated that longitudinal weight gain increases cancer risk, whereas being highly physically active during adulthood could decrease cancer risk in men. Further, women were observed to be less prone to lifestyle-related risk factors …
An extensive pattern of atypical neural speech-sound discrimination in newborns at risk of dyslexia.
2019
Objective: Identifying early signs of developmental dyslexia, associated with deficient speech-sound processing, is paramount to establish early interventions. We aimed to find early speech-sound processing deficiencies in dyslexia, expecting diminished and atypically lateralized event-related potentials (ERP) and mismatch responses (MMR) in newborns at dyslexia risk. Methods: ERPs were recorded to a pseudoword and its variants (vowel-duration, vowel-identity, and syllable-frequency changes) from 88 newborns at high or no familial risk. The response significance was tested, and group, laterality, and frontality effects were assessed with repeated-measures ANOVA. Results: An early positive a…
Event-related potentials in newborns with and without familial risk for dyslexia: principal component analysis reveals differences between the groups
2003
Differences revealed by factor scores extracted by principal component analysis (PCA) from event-related potential (ERP) data of newborns with and without familial risk for dyslexia were examined and compared to results obtained by using original averaged ERPs. ERPs to consonant-vowel syllables (synthetic /ba/, /da/, /ga/; and natural /paa/, /taa/, /kaa/) were recorded from 26 at-risk and 23 control 1-7 day-old infants. The stimuli were presented equiprobably and with interstimulus intervals varying at random from 3,910 to 7,285 ms. Statistically significant between-group differences were found to be relatively similar irrespective of the methods of analysis (original ERPs vs. factor scores…
Literacy skills, mathematical skills and educational expectations among Finnish adolescents
2013
This study investigated the connection between educational expectations and skills in spelling, reading fluency and mathematics among Finnish 9th Graders. Connection between comorbidity of reading disability and mathematical disability with educational expectations was also examined. These connections were explored among boys and girls and the effects of parental education were assessed, as well. Cross tabulations and analyses of variance were used as tools for analyses. Spelling, reading fluency and mathematics were connected to educational expectations, with higher skills leading to higher expectations. The largest difference between the educational expectation groups was in mathematics. …