Search results for "Ganglion Cells"
showing 10 items of 66 documents
Ultrastructural study of the retina in late infantile metachromatic leukodystrophy.
1992
The autopsy of a 2-year-old girl revealed a clinically unrecognized metachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD) due to an aryl-sulfatase A deficiency, characteristically affecting the central and peripheral nervous system by demyelination and by accumulation of metachromatic material. The retina though reported clinically as normal, showed the same demyelinating process in the optic nerve including the papilla but an additional intraneuronal storage of MLD-typical lysosomal residual bodies in ganglion cell perikarya of the retina. Cells of the bipolar and photoreceptor layers as well as pigment epithelial cells were not affected by MLD-specific lysosomal storage. Thus, sulfatides seem to play a part…
Neuroinflammation by cytotoxic T-lymphocytes impairs retrograde axonal transport in an oligodendrocyte mutant mouse.
2012
Mice overexpressing proteolipid protein (PLP) develop a leukodystrophy-like disease involving cytotoxic, CD8+ T-lymphocytes. Here we show that these cytotoxic T-lymphocytes perturb retrograde axonal transport. Using fluorogold stereotactically injected into the colliculus superior, we found that PLP overexpression in oligodendrocytes led to significantly reduced retrograde axonal transport in retina ganglion cell axons. We also observed an accumulation of mitochondria in the juxtaparanodal axonal swellings, indicative for a disturbed axonal transport. PLP overexpression in the absence of T-lymphocytes rescued retrograde axonal transport defects and abolished axonal swellings. Bone marrow tr…
Retinal ganglion cells projecting to the optic tectum and visual thalamus of lizards.
2002
Retinal ganglion cells projecting to the optic tectum and visual thalamus have been investigated in the lizard, Podarcis hispanica. Injections of biotinylated dextran-amine in the optic tectum reveal seven morphological cell varieties including one displaced ganglion cell type. Injections in the visual thalamus yield similar ganglion cell classes plus four giant ganglion cells, including two displaced ganglion cell types. The present study constitutes the first comparison of tectal versus thalamic ganglion cell types in reptiles. The situation found in lizards is similar to that reported in mammals and birds where some cell types projecting to the thalamus are larger than those projecting t…
Enrichment of Retinal Ganglion Cells in Rat Retinal Lysate by Excimer Laser Ablation of the Outer Retina
2013
PURPOSE. Retinal ganglion cells (RGC) are a relatively small cell population in the retina. This leads to an unfavorable signal-tonoise ratio when analyzing RGC proteins in whole retina lysate. We present a novel technique to obtain RGC-enriched rat retinal lysate by removing the outer retinal layers with an excimer laser before lysation. METHODS. Outer retinal layers were ablated with an excimer laser on flat mounted retinas from adult albino rats. 4 0 6Diamidino-2-phenylindole dihydrochloride hydrate (DAPI) nuclear staining was used to assess the ablation efficacy (n ! 6). Western blot for layer specific markers (rhodopsin, parvalbumin, b-III-tubulin) was performed to quantify changes in …
Retinal microglia are activated by systemic fungal infection
2014
Purpose: To determine whether systemic fungal infection could cause activation of retinal microglia and therefore could be potentially harmful for patients with retinal degenerative diseases. Methods: Activation of retinal microglia was measured in a model of sublethal invasive candidiasis in C57BL/6J mice by (i) confocal immunofluorescence and (ii) flow cytometry analysis, using anti-CD11b, anti-Iba1, anti-MHCII and anti-CD45 antibodies. Results: Systemic fungal infection causes activation of retinal microglia, with phenotypic changes in morphology, surface markers expression, and microglial re-location in retinal layers. Conclusions: As an excessive or prolonged microglial activation may …
Short-Time Ocular Ischemia Induces Vascular Endothelial Dysfunction and Ganglion Cell Loss in the Pig Retina
2019
Visual impairment and blindness are often caused by retinal ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. We aimed to characterize a new model of I/R in pigs, in which the intraocular pathways were not manipulated by invasive methods on the ocular system. After 12 min of ischemia followed by 20 h of reperfusion, reactivity of retinal arterioles was measured in vitro by video microscopy. Dihydroethidium (DHE) staining, qPCR, immunohistochemistry, quantification of neurons in the retinal ganglion cell layer, and histological examination was performed. Retinal arterioles of I/R-treated pigs displayed marked attenuation in response to the endothelium-dependent vasodilator, bradykinin, compared to sham-tre…
Role of nitric oxide synthase isoforms for ophthalmic artery reactivity in mice.
2014
Abstract Nitric oxide synthases (NOS) are involved in regulation of ocular vascular tone and blood flow. While endothelial NOS (eNOS) has recently been shown to mediate endothelium-dependent vasodilation in mouse retinal arterioles, the contribution of individual NOS isoforms to vascular responses is unknown in the retrobulbar vasculature. Moreover, it is unknown whether the lack of a single NOS isoform affects neuron survival in the retina. Thus, the goal of the present study was to examine the hypothesis that the lack of individual nitric oxide synthase (NOS) isoforms affects the reactivity of mouse ophthalmic arteries and neuron density in the retinal ganglion cell (RGC) layer. Mice defi…
Seeing with the visual cortex
1984
A short analysis of the input-output organization of the primary visual cortical areas in the cat and monkey is followed by a description of the salient microelectrophysiological properties of retino-geniculo-cortical system neurons. It is concluded that a strict hierarchical model of cortical processing of visual information is no longer tenable.
Magnetic resonance imaging and optical coherence tomography correlations in multiple sclerosis beyond anatomical landmarks.
2020
Abstract Objective To investigate multiple sclerosis (MS) optical coherence tomography (OCT) cross-sectional correlations with central nervous system (CNS) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Material and methods Peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (pRNFL), ganglion cell layer (GCL), inner plexiform layer (IPL), inner (INL) and outer nuclear layer (ONL) of 54 relapsing remitting (RRMS) and 38 progressive (PMS, 9 primary and 29 secondary) patients were measured. With less than 3 months brain parenchymal fraction (BPF), spinal cord (SC), total gray matter (GM) and white matter volumes were calculated. Demographical and clinical data was compared according to the history of optic neuritis (H…
p27Kip1participates in the regulation of endoreplication in differentiating chick retinal ganglion cells
2015
Nuclear DNA duplication in the absence of cell division (i.e. endoreplication) leads to somatic polyploidy in eukaryotic cells. In contrast to some invertebrate neurons, whose nuclei may contain up to 200,000-fold the normal haploid DNA amount (C), polyploid neurons in higher vertebrates show only 4C DNA content. To explore the mechanism that prevents extra rounds of DNA synthesis in these latter cells we focused on the chick retina, where a population of tetraploid retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) has been described. We show that differentiating chick RGCs that express the neurotrophic receptors p75 and TrkB while lacking retinoblastoma protein, a feature of tetraploid RGCs, also express p27K…