Search results for "Incentive"

Measurement Advances and Challenges in Competency Assessment in Higher Education

2016

Domain-specific and generic competencies have become target outcomes of students' learning in higher education, and competency assessment plays an increasingly important role in higher education on an international scale. Recent reviews of the literature show that there is still a substantial lack of research on assessment practices in higher education, especially on measurement models and valid instruments for competency assessment. This special issue provides an overview of current international research and innovative developments in this research area, covering a broad range of assessment perspectives, addressing prevalent shortcomings of educational assessment practices, and presenting…

Financiación de asociaciones: examen especial del ejercicio de actividades económicas

2019

The economic crisis has led to an increase in the funding needs of associations and at the same time, a decrease of its resources. In view of this situation, we will examine the different existing possibilities to obtain a stable financial framework and, in light of the limitations which other systems suffer from, we will conclude that implementation of economic activities will prove to be the most practical solution. However, this exercise faces the disapproval of the Administration which considers, in many cases, that said alternative leads to the loss of its declaration of public utility and subsequently the possibility of opting for the privileged tax regime inherent in Law 49/2002 on T…

Is the French mobile phone cartel really a cartel?

2009

International audience; France Telecom (FT), SFR and Bouygues Telecom (BT) have been fined by France's Conseil de la Concurrence (CC) for organizing a mobile phone cartel with stable market shares (one-half, one-third and one-sixth, respectively) and for directly exchanging commercial information. While not contesting the legal decision, it is argued here that the economic reasoning is flawed. (1) As the CC made much of the firms' stable market shares, we have first followed this line of reasoning by considering that the market shares are quotas under uniform costs. Even if there is a general incentive to form a monopolistic cartel, BT was too small for it to be worth its while to join it; it i…

On the Returns to Invention within Firms: Evidence from Finland

2018

International audience; In this paper we merge individual income data, firm-level data, patenting data, and IQ data in Finland over the period 1988–2012 to analyze the returns to invention for inventors and their coworkers or stakeholders within the same firm. We find that: (i) inventors collect only 8 percent of the total private return from invention; (ii) entrepreneurs get over 44 percent of the total gains; (iii) bluecollar workers get about 26 percent of the gains and the rest goes to white-collar workers. Moreover, entrepreneurs start with significant negative returns prior to the patent application, but their returns subsequently become highly positive.

Expert views on current and future use of social media among crisis and emergency management organizations: Incentives and barriers

2016

Executive Incentive Compensation and Economic Prosperity

2008

This paper analyzes the existence of a potential link between the prevalence of long term incentive compensation schemes and the economic prosperity of a country. This issue is previously not addressed in the literature. In a panel regression with fixed effects a strongly significant, positive effect is found between growth of GDP/capita in real terms and this prevalence, while controlling for general investment and institutional variables. However, when the 22 countries of the study are divided into European and non-European, the growth effect found for the entire material accrues only to the non-European countries. It is concluded that long term incentive contracts seem to have no effect …

Retirement Age Across Countries: The Role of Occupations

2011

Cross-country variation in effective retirement age is usually attributed to institutional differences that affect individuals’ incentives to retire. This paper suggests a different approach to explain this variation. Since working individuals in different occupations naturally retire at different ages, the composition of occupations within an economy matters for its average effective retirement age. Using U.S. Census data we infer the average retirement age by occupation, which we then use to predict the retirement age of 38 countries, using the occupational distribution of these countries. Our findings suggest that the differences in occupational composition explain up to 38% of the obser…

EXPLORATION, EXPLOITATION AND INCENTIVES TO INNOVATE: THE DISCIPLINING ROLE OF DEBT

2014

Extant research suggests that when compared to equity, debt financing is less conducive to innovation activities. In this paper we challenge this view by suggesting that although equity sustains innovation by allowing risk-taking and experimentation, it may also encourage the pursuit of exploration at the expense of exploitation. Under these circumstances, the stricter governance associated with debt becomes important as it stimulates managers to shift resources towards exploitation in order to mitigate risk and improve short-term pay-offs. In support of these arguments our empirical analysis shows that, while leverage has a negative impact on standard measures of innovation quantity and qu…

Institutions, Incentives and Trade Union Membership

1997

The study investigates the determinants of unionization in a country — Finland — where union density, defined as the number of unionized members divided by the labour force, has risen 60 percentage points in 32 years, from 22 percent in 1960 to 82 percent in 1992. The theoretical framework of the study is based on the background information obtained from surveys inquiring why individuals join a union. The empirical analysis for the period 1962–92 shows that the model is capable of explaining long-run trends in union density in a very satisfactory manner. The results imply that institutional features of the labour market, characterized by the benefit mark-up variable and a dummy variable cap…

The Impact of CEO Long-Term Equity-Based Compensation Incentives on Economic Growth in Collectivist Versus Individualist Countries

2015

This study examines the impact of the prevalence of long-term equity-based CEO compensation incentives on GDP growth, and we address the moderating role of individualist versus collectivist cultures on this relationship. We argue long-term incentives given to CEOs in some firms may convey to other CEOs that they too may be able to receive such incentives and rewards if they emulate the incentivized and rewarded CEOs. In a longitudinal study across twenty-two nations over a five-year period, we find that when a higher proportion of CEOs in a country are awarded long-term equity-based incentive compensation, the greater future real GDP growth, particularly in collectivist countries.