Search results for "Industrial revolution"
showing 10 items of 27 documents
The Paper Industry in Germany, 1800–2000
2012
Germany is the biggest paper exporter in the world, the biggest paper producer in Europe and the fourth biggest producer in the world. It is also the biggest market in Europe and a major export market for European pulp producers. However, only three German pulp and paper companies made it to the top 100 list of the industry in 2010 and none made it into the top 50 (PPI 2011). This article describes the development of the German industry from the beginning of the nineteenth century to the present in order to explain the factors contributing to this unusual state of affairs in a country which, during the second Industrial Revolution, created major players in the new global oligopolies in chem…
The Artistic Commitment of Kenyon Cox: An American Neoclassical Artist
2016
At the end of the nineteenth century, the United States had undergone deep transformations. The second Industrial Revolution had created huge amounts of new wealth and power. This led to an alteration of the urban social fabric and to a repositioning of the country on the international scene.Since the 1870s, the American Renaissance had been a vehicle for the diffusion of new values and new concepts. As a broad neoclassical movement in the arts, it was committed to a rewriting of the country’s national past.At the time, Kenyon Cox (1856-1919) distinguished himself as one of the major artists of the movement, but also as one of its most influential critics and theorists. Cox developed theori…
Terrorism in the Age of Information
2018
While a lot of studies focus on the contours of cybercrime and cyber terrorism as well as their effects in daily lives, less attention has been given to the use of ICT by terrorists. In fact, through the ebbs and flows of technology, the society of information seems to develop a particular vulnerability to the fear instilled by terrorism. This particularly reveals a paradox because the original technology, which was oriented to make of our lives safer, is used by terrorist cells to inspire a terror-driven atmosphere, which only nourishes intolerance and ethnocentrism. The authors, in this review chapter, discuss critically the cutting-edge role of technology in the struggle against terroris…
Population Growth and Manufacturing Real Wages in 18th Century England: A Spatial Perspective
2004
We develop a two-region population growth model of economic geography and show that a process of urbanization has a substantial impact on the evolution of manufacturing real wages. Whereas real wages decline as the population increases when the spatial structure of the economy is fixed, they actually rise in the long-run when factors are mobile. Agglomeration may hence be seen as a rational response to declining real wages and provides a new explanation of why manufacturing real wages did not decline prior to the Industrial Revolution in England, despite a historically unprecedented population growth.
Survival of the Weakest: Why the West Rules
2022
We study a model of institutions that evolve through conflict. We find that one of three configurations can emerge: an extractive hegemony, a balance of power between extrac-tive societies or a balance of power between inclusive societies -the latter being most conducive to innovation. As extractive societies are assumed to have an advantage in head to head confrontations we refer to this latter possibility as the survival of the weakest. Our contention is that the reason that the West "rules" can be traced back to two events both taking place in China: the invention of the cannon, which made possible the survival of the weakest in Europe; and the arrival of Genghis Khan, which led to the s…
Technology and Architectural Heritage: Dynamic Connections
2019
Technological aspects strongly characterise the built environment in both material and immaterial dimensions. The architectural heritage (the built environment that has acquired cultural meanings, without prejudice regarding the age and the scale of observation) offers a peculiar point of view for dealing with this issue. This paper outlines the dynamic connections between technology, the whole idea of architectural heritage and the approaches to intervention. A focus is placed on four main theoretical aspects, the effects of which are also significant on the practical field: the distance from contemporaneity; the concept of Time; reliable conservation; sustainability. The technological evo…
Smart City in the Era of the Fourth Industrial Revolution
2020
Purpose: More than half of the world's population lives in urban areas. These areas cover only 2% of the earth's surface. 65% of global GDP is produced here, and more than 75% of global greenhouse gases are emitted from this area. This causes huge management problems and requires a transformation of urban life. The reconstruction of a city's functioning methods requires innovative solutions based on digital technologies and cooperation between all stakeholder groups. This article attempts to indicate the relationship and interaction between new urbanisation and the smart city concept and Industry 4.0 technologies. Design/methodology/approach: The article is theoretical and is based on a rev…
Environmental Management Systems (Ems) - Control Instrument of the Impact of the Organization Activities on the Environment
2015
Abstract Due to the ability to create and use technology, the human being has found various ways to transform the resources of the Earth in all sorts of new materials, equipment and energy sources. At least since the last industrial revolution until now, each generation has added more technology to the received legacy, but at the same time, left the planet in a far more degraded state than the inherited condition. Within these changes, small and medium enterprises (SME) in their capacity as pillars of the economic development of a nation, have been compelled to change their previous strategies. Implementing an Environmental Management Systems (EMS) can be seen as the only way to connect the…
EMERGING RESEARCH MILESTONES FOR SOCIAL SCIENCES IN A SMART SOCIETY
2019
Scientific and technological development goes hand in hand and has always sustained mankind, being the sources of a better living for humans. Until recent years, people were the ones that coordinated and maneuvered machines or production chains, used telephones or droved cars, which only operated as tools, according to their handlers will. This scenario is nowadays less obvious, and devices are currently less subordinated to man manipulation. They become smart, record and share information, decide to act or communicate, simulating human behavior, independent from a human decider. All the above-mentioned issues are considered facets of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, as defined by the lead…
IT Investment Decisions in Industry 4.0: Evidences from SMEs
2020
Organizational processes, production, business strategy, value creation and value delivery are undergoing significant change as a result of emerging new technologies in industry 4.0 context. This has drawn attention across many countries and not only organizations, but also stakeholders and policy makers as the fourth industrial revolution. While Industry 4.0 has been widely investigated in large enterprises, yet to date, little is known about how SMEs with limited financial resources make strategic decisions in particular about IT investment on diverse emerging technologies. To close this gap, this paper focused on the propensity of SMEs in IT investment in an industry 4.0 context. We anal…