Search results for "LEVEL"
showing 10 items of 3465 documents
Reconstructing Bronze Age diets and farming strategies at the early Bronze Age sites of La Bastida and Gatas (southeast Iberia) using stable isotope …
2020
The El Argar society of the Bronze Age in the southeast of the Iberian Peninsula (2200–1550 cal BCE) was among the first complex societies in Europe. Its economy was based on cereal cultivation and metallurgy, it was organized hierarchically, and successively expanded its territory. Most of the monumentally fortified settlements lay on steeply sloped mountains, separated by fertile plains, and allowed optimal control of the area. Here, we explore El Argar human diets, animal husbandry strategies, and food webs using stable carbon and nitrogen isotope analysis of charred cereal grains as well as human and animal bone collagen. The sample comprised 75 human individuals from the sites of La Ba…
Carbon stable isotope composition of charophyte organic matter in a small and shallow Spanish water body as a baseline for future trophic studies
2015
<p>Quantitative descriptions of foodweb structure based on isotope niche space require knowledge of producers’ isotopic signatures. In freshwater ecosystems charophytes are one of the main components of submerged vegetation and the feeding base for many herbivorous consumers, but knowledge about their organic carbon isotopic signatures is sparse. In this study, the δ<sup>13</sup>C organic values (and organic %C and %N) of the four species of submerged macrophytes (three charophytes - <em>Chara hispida</em>, <em>Nitella hyalina</em> and <em>Tolypella glomerata </em>- and one angiosperm, <em>Myriophyllum spicatum</em>) growing …
Aroma release in the oral cavity after wine intake is influenced by wine matrix composition
2018
The aim of this study has been to investigate if wine matrix composition might influence the interaction between odorants and oral mucosa in the oral cavity during a “wine intake-like” situation. Aroma released after exposing the oral cavity of three individuals to different wines (n = 12) previously spiked with six target aromas was followed by an -in vivo intra-oral SPME approach. Results showed a significant effect of wine matrix composition on the intra-oral aroma release of certain odorants. Among the wine matrix parameters, phenolic compounds showed the largest impact. This effect was dependent on their chemical structure. Some phenolic acids (e.g. hippuric, caffeic) were associated t…
Phytoplankton structure in different lake types in central Finland
1986
Phyloplankton structure and its relation to physical and chemical properties of the water was studied in 58 central Finnish lakes. The biomass ranged from 0.2 to 14.2 g m−3 and the number of taxa per sample ranged from 33 to 152. The lakes were grouped into 5 types according to their trophic state: eutrophic, dyseutrophic, mesotrophic, oligotrophic, and acid oligotrophic lakes. The average biomass in eutrophic lakes was 5.57 g m−3, in dyseutrophic 3.54 g m−3, 1.23 g m−3 in mesotrophic, 0.52 g m−3 in oligotrophic and 0.39 g −3 in acid oligotrophic lakes. The average number of taxa per sample in the corresponding lake types were 109. 1, 79.3, 97.9, 90.9 and 43.8, respectively. The phytoplankt…
Continuity of solutions of linear, degenerate elliptic equations
2009
We consider the simplest form of a second order, linear, degenerate, divergence structure equation in the plane. Under an integrability condition on the degenerate function, we prove that the solutions are continuous.
On Extensional Fuzzy Sets Generated by Factoraggregation
2014
We develop the concept of a general factoraggregation operator introduced by the authors on the basis of an equivalence relation and applied in two recent papers for analysis of bilevel linear programming solving parameters. In the paper this concept is generalized by using a fuzzy equivalence relation instead of the crisp one. We show how the generalized factoraggregation can be used for construction of extensional fuzzy sets and consider approximations of arbitrary fuzzy sets by extensional ones.
Public Administration and the Study of Political Order: Towards a Framework for Analysis
2020
The contribution of this study is two-fold: First, it outlines a conceptual framework on political order; and secondly, it offers empirical illustrations on the case of Nordic cooperation. Taken together, the article makes a plea for public administration scholarship in the study of political order. Political order consists of a relatively stable arrangement of institutions that are fairly formalized and institutionalized. A common political order, moreover, entails that relevant institutions: (i) are fairly independent of pre-existing institutions; (ii) are relatively integrated and internally cohesive; and (iii) are reasonably able to influence governance processes within other institutio…
Cu–Cu interactions in the transparent p-type conductors: CuAlO2 and SrCu2O2
2003
Abstract Electronic structures of the p-type Transparent Conducting Oxides (TCO): CuAlO2 and SrCu2O2 are calculated using the Tight Binding Linearized Muffin Tin Orbital within the Atomic Sphere Approximation method (TB-LMTO-ASA). The band structures indicate two gaps for CuAlO2 (an indirect one with ΔE≈0.45 eV and a direct one with ΔE≈1.25 eV) and one direct gap for SrCu2O2 (with ΔE≈2 eV). In both oxides the Cu states are dominant at the top of the valence band, close to the Fermi level and the existence of weak Cu–Cu bonding interactions is revealed through the Integrated Crystal Orbital Hamiltonian Population (ICOHP). The presence of such interactions suggests that for the hole doped oxi…
Endemism as a palaeobiogeographic parameter of basin history illustrated by early- and mid-Liassic peri-Tethyan ammonite faunas
2002
Abstract Episodes of endemism during Sinemurian–Pliensbachian times are described from synthetic data (publications and unpublished collections) about ammonite faunas of the western reaches of the Tethys. The Lusitanian, Sub-Betic and High Atlas basins receive special attention. The study shows that (1) endemism occurs principally in the Lusitanian and High Atlas basins, which are the most confined palaeogeographic structures; (2) it tends to occur synchronously in different basins but involving different taxa, i.e. it is independent of phylogeny; (3) it is not obviously correlated with relative sea-level at any given time. However, the fact that episodes of endemism coincide with second-or…
Spatial and temporal distribution of ooids along a Jurassic carbonate ramp: Amellago outcrop transect, High-Atlas, Morocco
2010
Carbonate ramp systems are widespread throughout the geological record, but very few areas have seismic-scale, continuous and structurally undeformed outcrops that allow reliable interpretation of facies distributions and stacking patterns. The Amellago outcrop shows the detailed depositional and stratigraphic relationships of an ooid-dominated ramp system that is almost completely exposed along a dip profile (37 km long and 1000 m thick) in the Lower to Middle Jurassic of the southern High Atlas, Morocco. Ammonite and brachiopod fauna provide excellent biostratigraphic control on small scale stacking patterns. At Amellago, the evolution of depositional environments is evident at different …