Search results for "Neuronal"

Heat shock factor 2 is a stress-responsive mediator of neuronal migration defects in models of fetal alcohol syndrome

2014

Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) is a frequent cause of mental retardation. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying brain development defects induced by maternal alcohol consumption during pregnancy are unclear. We used normal and Hsf2-deficient mice and cell systems to uncover a pivotal role for heat shock factor 2 (HSF2) in radial neuronal migration defects in the cortex, a hallmark of fetal alcohol exposure. Upon fetal alcohol exposure, HSF2 is essential for the triggering of HSF1 activation, which is accompanied by distinctive post-translational modifications, and HSF2 steers the formation of atypical alcohol-specific HSF1–HSF2 heterocomplexes. This perturbs the in vivo bindi…

Connections of the amygdaloid structures integrating olfactory and vomeronasal information in mice

2015

La amígdala es considerada una estructura clave en el aprendizaje emocional asociativo en roedores. La mayor parte de los estudios sobre aprendizaje emocional se han centrado en paradigmas de aprendizaje aversivo, cuando al menos, parte de la amígdala es también relevante en el procesamiento de estímulos reforzantes, particularmente estímulos de naturaleza química (olores y feromonas), dado que los roedores son animales macrosmáticos. La amígala es primer relevo telencefalico en donde convergen las proyecciones provenientes del bulbo olfatorio principal (MOB), que es activado por volátiles y del bulbo olfatorio accesorio (AOB), que es activado por no volátiles. Nuestro estudio se centra en …

Non-cell autonomous and non-catalytic activities of ATX in the developing brain

2015

The intricate formation of the cerebral cortex requires a well-coordinated series of events, which are regulated at the level of cell-autonomous and non-cell autonomous mechanisms. Whereas cell-autonomous mechanisms that regulate cortical development are well-studied, the non cell-autonomous mechanisms remain poorly understood. A non-biased screen allowed us to identify Autotaxin (ATX) as a non cell-autonomous regulator of neural stem cell proliferation. ATX (also known as ENPP2) is best known to catalyze lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) production. Our results demonstrate that ATX affects the localization and adhesion of neuronal progenitors in a cell autonomous and non-cell autonomous manner, …

Designing trehalose-conjugated peptide inhibitors for the oligomerization and toxicity of Alzheimer’s Aβ 11th Naples

2008

Neuronal circuitry in the medial cerebral cortex of lizards

1997

The medial cortex of lizards is a simple three-layered brain region displaying many characteristics which parallel the hippocampal fascia dentata of mammals. Its principal neurons form a morphologically diverse population, partly as a result of the prominent continuous growth of this nervous centre. By using the classical Golgi impregnation method we describe here the morphology of the principal neurons (8 types) and the short-axon interneurons (18 types) populating the medial cortex of Podarcis hispanica as well as the connections between them.

Extremely Low Frequency Magnetic Fields Do Not Affect LTP-Like Plasticity in Healthy Humans.

2020

Introduction: Several studies explored, in vitro, the biological effects of extremely low-frequency magnetic fields (ELF-MFs) and reported the induction of functional changes in neuronal activity. In particular, ELF-MFs can influence synaptic plasticity both in-vitro and in animal models. Indeed, some studies reported an increase in long-term potentiation (LTP) whereas others suggested its reduction. However, no specific study has investigated such effect in humans. Aims: To evaluate whether ELF-MFs affect the propensity of the human cortex to undergo LTP-like plasticity. Methods: We designed a randomized, single-blind, sham-controlled, cross-over study on 10 healthy subjects. Cortical plas…

Spinal neuronal correlates of tapentadol analgesia in cancer pain: A back-translational approach

2014

Background Pain is a common and highly debilitating complication for cancer patients significantly compromising their quality of life. Cancer-induced bone pain involves a complex interplay of multiple mechanisms including both inflammatory and neuropathic processes and also some unique changes. Strong opioids are a mainstay of treatments but side effects are problematic and can compromise optimal pain control. Tapentadol is a novel dual-action drug, both stimulating inhibitory μ-opioid receptors (MOR) and mediating noradrenaline reuptake inhibition (NRI) leading to activation of the inhibitory α-2 adrenoceptor. It has been demonstrated to treat effectively both acute and chronic pain. We he…

A model study for the progressive disruption of CA1 firing properties during Alzheimer’s disease

2011

Several independent studies show that β-Amyloid (Aβ) peptides accumulation, one of the characteristic hallmark of Alzheimer’s Disease (AD), can affect the normal neuronal activity in different ways causing an increase or a decrease in neuronal membrane excitability. For example, experimental evidence for a negative impact on neuronal membrane in animal models of AD has been obtained in dual patch recordings in rat hippocampal tissue slices, in which Aβ blocked K channels in pyramidal cell dendrites, causing an increase in dendritic membrane excitability. The resulting increased Ca2+ influx and excitoxicity may lead to dendritic degeneration. However, further experimental evidence suggests t…

Opioid-Sensitive Peripheral Neuronal Activity in the Modulation of Gastric Mucosal Injury

1991

There is growing evidence that capsaicin-sensitive afferent neurones participate in the protective mechanisms of the gastric mucosa against damage. Animals pretreated systemically with capsaicin, at doses that lead to the ablation of capsaicin-sensitive afferent neurons, show an increase in the level of macro-scopically apparent mucosal damage in different experimental models of ulceration (Szolcsanyi and Bartho, 1981; Holzer and Sametz, 1986). Furthermore, acute stimulation with capsaicin of afferent nerve endings located in the gastric mucosa protects against different ulcerogenic mechanisms (Szolcsanyi and Bartho, 1981; Holzer and Lippe, 1988; Holzer et al., 1989).

Diagnosis of the neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses: An update

2006

Abstract For the majority of families affected by one of the neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCLs), a biochemical and/or genetic diagnosis can be achieved. In an individual case this information not only increases understanding of the condition but also may influence treatment choices and options. The presenting clinical features prompt initial investigation and also guide clinical care. The clinical labels “infantile NCL”, “late infantile NCL” and “juvenile NCL”, therefore remain useful in practice. In unusual or atypical cases ultra-structural analysis of white blood cells or other tissue samples enables planning and prioritisation of biochemical and genetic tests.This review describes cu…