Search results for "Number"
showing 10 items of 3939 documents
The State of a Quantum System as a Subsystem of a Composite System
2020
The notion of state in quantum systems is analized, a non-probabilistic definition of state provided, the Zurek’s concept of envariance is mathematically formulated, and the characterization of a state through its properties is discussed.
Generation of Non-Classical States through QND-like Processes
2007
In the spirit of quantum nondemolition measurement we show that repeatedly measuring the atomic state of a trapped ion subjected to suitable vibronic couplings it is possible to extract interesting nonclassical states. The possibility of generating angular momentum Schrödinger cat is demonstrated.
Structure and Thermodynamics of Binary Mixtures (Solutions)
2014
The concepts of chapter 2 are generalized to binary liquid mixtures (solutions). With the help of the concept of number and concentration fluctuations contact to the thermodynamics of solutions and physical chemistry of solutions is made. The perturbative RPA is shown to be equivalent to Flory’s theory of regular solutions. The phase diagrams of regular solutions and metal-salt solutions are discussed and explained in terms of the theories.
Trapping and mobilization of residual fluid during capillary desaturation in porous media
1998
We discuss the problem of trapping and mobilization of nonwetting fluids during immiscible two-phase displacement processes in porous media. Capillary desaturation curves give residual saturations as a function of capillary number. Interpreting capillary numbers as the ratio of viscous to capillary forces the breakpoint in experimental curves contradicts the theoretically predicted force balance. We show that replotting the data against a novel macroscopic capillary number resolves the problem for discontinuous mode displacement.
Making Floryr–Huggins Practical: Thermodynamics of Polymer-Containing Mixtures
2010
The theoretical part of this article demonstrates how the original Flory–Huggins theory can be extended to describe the thermodynamic behavior of polymer-containing mixtures quantitatively. This progress is achieved by accounting for two features of macromolecules that the original approach ignores: the effects of chain connectivity in the case of dilute solutions, and the ability of polymer coils to change their spatial extension in response to alterations in their molecular environment. In the general case, this approach leads to composition-dependent interaction parameters, which can for most binary systems be described by means of two physically meaningful parameters; systems involving …
Density functional study of amorphous, liquid and crystalline Ge(2)Sb(2)Te(5): homopolar bonds and/or AB alternation?
2008
The amorphous, liquid and crystalline phases of the phase change material Ge(2)Sb(2)Te(5) (GST) have been studied by means of density functional/molecular dynamics simulations. The large sample (460 atoms and 52 vacancies in the unit cell) and long simulations (hundreds of picoseconds) provide much new information. Here we extend our original analysis (2007 Phys. Rev. B 76 235201) in important ways: partial coordination numbers and radial distribution functions, bond angle distributions, new local order parameters, vibration frequencies, and the charges on atoms and vacancies. The valence band densities of states in amorphous and crystalline GST are compared with ones from x-ray photoemissi…
Lattice and electronic contributions to the refractive index of CuWO4
2014
We report an investigation of the refractive index dispersion and anisotropy in CuWO4 by means of interference measurements in two extinction directions from mid infrared to the visible region of the energy spectrum. The analysis of the refractive index dispersion yields ϵ(∞) = 4.5(1) for light polarization parallel to the c-axis and ϵ(∞) = 5.3(1) with respect to the other extinction axis. In addition, we report reflectance measurements carried out from the far infrared to the near ultraviolet to study the lattice and electronic contributions to the refractive index of CuWO4. We have determined the wavenumbers of nine infrared active lattice modes and compared them with previous ab initio c…
Functional consequences of prey acclimation to ocean acidification for the prey and its predator
2016
Ocean acidification is the suite of chemical changes to the carbonate system of seawater as a consequence of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. Despite a growing body of evidences demonstrating the negative effects of ocean acidification on marine species, the consequences at the ecosystem level are still unclear. One factor limiting our ability to upscale from species to ecosystem is the poor mechanistic understanding of the functional consequences of the observed effects on organisms. This is particularly true in the context of species interactions. The aim of this work was to investigate the functional consequence of the exposure of a prey (the mussel Brachidontes pharaonis) t…
Congenital reduction in number of nephrons accelerates renal damage, and limits proximal tubular growth response to release of neonatal partial urete…
2012
Aim: to analyze the evolution of the response to persistent partial ureteral obstruction (PUO) and obstruction/release (PUO/Rel) in mice with 50% reduction in the number of nephrons from 21 days of age (time of weaning) to 42 days of age (adulthood). Methods: C57/BL6 wild-type (WT) and mice with oligosyndactylism and 50% reduction of nephron number (Os/+), were subjected to sham operation or PUO in the first 2 days of life. Additional mice underwent release of obstruction at 7 days (PUO-Rel). The study was performed in kidneys harvested at 21 and 42 days. Using histomorphometry, glomerular area (GA) was determined by PAS staining, and fractional proximal tubular (PT) mass and intact glomeru…
URINARY TRACT OBSTRUCTION AND REDUCED NEPHRON NUMBER: ADAPTATION OF NEPHRONS FOLLOWED THROUGH ADULTHOOD IN A MOUSE MODEL
2015
Congenital urinary tract obstruction , NEPHRON NUMBER, MOUSE MODEL , release of obstruction