Search results for "OBESITY"

Formulation, caractérisation et validation d'un pain "satiétogène"

2011

This PhD project was aimed at the formulation, the characterization and the validation of one bread, processed from flour selected to increase the satiety effects on humans. For the last several decades, the prevalence of overweight and obesity around the world has been increasing. The risks of obesity are responsible for a stagnation of life expectancy in some industrialized countries. In order to stop this pandemic phenomenon, dietary fibre appears to have beneficial effects on the decrease in feeling hunger, caloric intake and body weight of obese participants. The first goal of this work was to process two fibre-enriched breads: one of them was a “whole grain” bread (PF1), and the secon…

Role of intestinal epithelial CD36 in obesity and endotoxemia driven by lipid absorption

2021

Intestinal dysbiosis, increased permeability and inflammation are the hallmarks in obese patients, highlighting the role of small intestine beyond providing with calories. CD36 is a ubiquitous scavenger receptor that exhibits high binding affinity for long-chain fatty acids and is highly expressed in enterocytes, endothelial and immune cells. Interestingly, CD36-/- mice and humans with CD36 polymorphisms have an impaired synthesis of triglyceride-rich lipoprotein (TRL). To evaluate the role of CD36 expressed by intestinal-epithelial cells (IEC) in obesity, we conducted experiments on male and female mice deleted in CD36 in IEC (ENT-KO) and control mice (ENT-FL), under standard and high-fat …

New insights into the pharmacology of the short-chain free fatty acid receptors 2 and 3

2011

Metabolic diseases, such as diabetes, dyslipidemia or obesity, are more and more weighing on public health expenses in developed countries. Despite active research, these widespread diseases remain difficult to handle. Promising new therapeutic strategies against metabolic diseases include the development of drugs targeting the free fatty acid receptors, as key players in metabolism homeostasis. In this context, the current PhD thesis focuses on the study of two G protein-coupled receptors, namely the short-chain free fatty acid receptors 2 (FFA2) and 3 (FFA3). First, we investigated the expression of the two receptors of interest in a variety of cell types. Then, in order to study the phar…

Hedonic sensations implicated in the control of human food intake : alimentary alliesthesia and sensory-specific satiety

2011

The control of food intake is a complex and multifactorial process controlled by the CNS. It is implicated in the regulation of body weight and the supply of energy substrates, as well as the supply of a panoply of nutrients to cover the specific needs of the organism. Among all the factors involved, hedonic sensations play an important role in guiding food selection and limitation of intake. The theoretical section of this thesis takes into account the physio-anatomical aspects of the control of food intake, in particular sensory pleasure and its evaluation, within the framework of the three principal hedonic phenomena: Conditioned Satiety (CS), Alimentary alliesthesia (AA) and sensory-spe…

Hedonic sensations implicated in the control of human food intake : alimentary alliesthesia and sensory-specific satiety

2011

The control of food intake is a complex and multifactorial process controlled by the CNS. It is implicated in the regulation of body weight and the supply of energy substrates, as well as the supply of a panoply of nutrients to cover the specific needs of the organism. Among all the factors involved, hedonic sensations play an important role in guiding food selection and limitation of intake. The theoretical section of this thesis takes into account the physio-anatomical aspects of the control of food intake, in particular sensory pleasure and its evaluation, within the framework of the three principal hedonic phenomena: Conditioned Satiety (CS), Alimentary alliesthesia (AA) and sensory-spe…

Adipokines and lipoproteins: modulation by antihyperglycemic and hypolipidemic agents.

2014

Adipose tissue is an endocrine organ that secretes a number of hormones and metabolically active substances that impact energy metabolism and insulin sensitivity. These inflammatory markers are collectively referred to as adipocytokines, or adipokines. Adipose tissue's functional capacity and metabolic activity vary among individuals, thus partly explaining the incomplete overlap between obesity and the metabolic syndrome. The functional failure of adipose tissues results in changed energy delivery and impaired glucose consumption, triggering self-regulatory mechanisms to maintain homeostasis. Antihyperglycemic, hypolipidemic, antiobesity, and angiotensin II receptor blocker drugs influence…

Obesity and cardiovascular risk: a call for action from the European Society of Hypertension Working Group of Obesity, Diabetes and the High-risk Pat…

2018

: Obesity predisposes for atrial fibrillation, heart failure, sudden cardiac death, renal disease and ischemic stroke, which are the main causes of cardiovascular hospitalization and mortality. As obesity and the cardiovascular effects on the vessels and the heart start early in life, even from childhood, it is important for health policies to prevent obesity very early before the disease manifestation emerge. Key roles in the prevention are strategies to increase physical exercise, reduce body weight and to prevent or treat hypertension, lipids disorders and diabetes earlier and efficiently to prevent cardiovascular complications.

A Research Agenda: The Changing Relationship Between Body Weight and Health in Aging

2008

Association entre l’attirance pour le gras, le sucré et le salé et les fluctuations pondérales sur 4 ans

2016

Introduction et but de l’étude : Des études ont mis en évidence le lien entre l’attirance sensorielle pour le gras, le salé et le sucré et le statut pondéral, souvent évalué par une variation positive ou négative du poids. Les fluctuations pondérales sont également un indicateur pertinent bien que peu étudiées, puisque la multiplication de cycles de perte de poids puis de reprise, communément appelé « yo-yo pondéral » ou « fluctuation pondérales » pourrait avoir d’importantes répercussions sur la santé, tant au niveau physiologique qu’au niveau psychologique. L’objectif de cette étude était d’estimer l’association entre l’attirance pour le gras, le sucré et le salé et l’amplitude des fluctu…

The Metabolic Syndrome and Its Relationship to Hypertensive Target Organ Damage

2007

High blood pressure is often associated with various metabolic abnormalities, including abdominal obesity, dyslipidemia, elevated plasma glucose, and insulin resistance, which are the main features of the metabolic syndrome. The metabolic syndrome is extremely common worldwide. This high prevalence is of considerable concern because several studies suggest that the metabolic syndrome carries an increased risk for cardiovascular events. Several lines of evidence seem to indicate that the metabolic syndrome is associated with an increased prevalence of preclinical cardiovascular and renal changes, such as left ventricular hypertrophy, microalbuminuria, impaired aortic elasticity, and early ca…