Search results for "PATHOPHYSIOLOGY"
showing 10 items of 351 documents
Effects of l-Carnitine in Patients with Autism Spectrum Disorders: Review of Clinical Studies
2019
Carnitine is an amino acid derivative, which plays several important roles in human physiology, in the central nervous system, and for mitochondrial metabolism, in particular. Altered carnitine metabolic routes have been associated with a subgroup of patients with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and could add to the pathophysiology associated with these disorders. We review the current evidence about the clinical effects of carnitine administration in ASD in both non-syndromic forms and ASD associated with genetic disorders. Two randomized clinical trials and one open-label prospective trial suggest that carnitine administration could be useful for treating symptoms in non-syndromic ASD. Th…
Guillain-Barré syndrome after orthotopic liver transplantation: A clinical manifestation of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome?
2018
Guillain-Barrè Syndrome, as part of the spectrum of dysimmune neuropathies, is unexpected to occur in immunocompromised hosts. We describe a clinical case of Guillain-Barrè syndrome, occurred a few weeks after a liver transplant, and we postulate that our case would satisfy all requirements to explain this peripheral nervous system complication as a clinical manifestation of an Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome. In this setting of liver transplantation, complicated by potentially multiple infective triggers, reduction of immunosuppression and reversal of pathogen-induced immunosuppression, through antimicrobial therapy, may have led to pro-inflammatory response. The pro-inflammato…
Perioperative nonspecific histamine release : a new classification by aetiological mechanisms and evaluation of their clinical relevance
1993
As a consequence of the performance of a randomized controlled clinical trial on perioperative histamine release and cardiovascular and respiratory disturbances, several types of increases in plasma histamine had to be distinguished instead of only two which existed at the beginning of the study: drug-induced allergic and pseudoallergic reactions. First of all, the new classification by aetiology (clinical epidemiology) was derived from a meta-analysis (secondary analysis) of the most recent literature. According to that histamine release in the perioperative period has several, different causes and is involved in several, different disease manifestations. A clear distinction (classificatio…
Therapeutic targets for overactive bladder other than smooth muscle
2015
For a long time, our concepts of regulation of urinary bladder function in health and disease as well as of the target structures of therapeutics have focused on detrusor smooth muscle cells. However, other structures including urothelium, afferent nerves and bladder blood vessels may also be important in pathophysiology and its treatment.Based on a selective review of literature, we discuss the role of urothelium, afferent nerve fibers and bladder blood vessels in bladder pathophysiology and as targets for treatment.There is solid evidence now that multiple anatomical structures within the urinary bladder contribute to the regulation of its function and hence may be targets for established…
Oxidative stress in ciliated nasal epithelial cells from patients with primary ciliary dyskinesia
2016
Background: Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is a rare disorder characterized by dysfunction of respiratory cilia and impaired mucociliary clearance leading to recurrent airway infection and chronic inflammation appearing in childhood. Rationale and aims: Chronic inflammation has been associated to oxidative stress (OS). Moreover, evidence of increased OS in the airways of stable children with PCD has been shown (Zihlif, N. et al . Pediatr Pulmonol 2006; 41:509-14). We hypothesize that OS would be increased in ciliated nasal epithelial cells (CNEC) from patients with PCD. This study was aimed to assess the OS profile in CNEC isolated from children with PCD. Methods: CNEC were obtained from …
Diet-Induced Rabbit Models for the Study of Metabolic Syndrome
2019
Simple Summary In recent years, obesity and metabolic syndrome (MetS) have become more prevalent owing to increased unhealthy habits and sedentary lifestyles, becoming public health problems. Experimental studies have allowed us to explore the mechanisms underlying the pathophysiological processes related to MetS. Several research protocols can be carried out with minimal staff, maintenance, and resources in animals such as rabbits. High-fat diets enriched with other components, mainly cholesterol and sugars, result in the rapid development of hypercholesterolemia and vascular alterations as a response to dietary manipulation. Furthermore, other experimental models, including transgenic rab…
Pressure support ventilation + sigh in acute hypoxemic respiratory failure patients: Study protocol for a pilot randomized controlled trial, the PROT…
2018
Background Adding cyclic short sustained inflations (sigh) to assisted ventilation yields optimizes lung recruitment, decreases heterogeneity and reduces inspiratory effort in patients with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure (AHRF). These findings suggest that adding sigh to pressure support ventilation (PSV) might decrease the risk of lung injury, shorten weaning and improve clinical outcomes. Thus, we conceived a pilot trial to test the feasibility of adding sigh to PSV (the PROTECTION study). Methods PROTECTION is an international randomized controlled trial that will be conducted in 23 intensive care units (ICUs). Patients with AHRF who have been intubated from 24 h to 7 days and under…
Evidence for a dysfunction and disease-promoting role of the circadian clock in the diabetic retina.
2021
Diabetic retinopathy is a major complication of chronic hyperglycemia and a leading cause of blindness in developed countries. In the present study the interaction between diabetes and retinal clocks was investigated in mice. It was seen that in the db/db mouse - a widely used animal model of diabetic retinopathy - clock function and circadian regulation of gene expression was disturbed in the retina. Remarkably, elimination of clock function by Bmal1-deficiency mitigates the progression of pathophysiology of the diabetic retina. Thus high-fat diet was seen to induce histopathology and molecular markers associated with diabetic retinopathy in wild type but not in Bmal1-deficient mice. The d…
Extracellular vesicles in airway homeostasis and pathophysiology
2021
The epithelial–mesenchymal trophic unit (EMTU) is a morphofunctional entity involved in the maintenance of the homeostasis of airways as well as in the pathogenesis of several diseases, including asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The “muco-microbiotic layer” (MML) is the innermost layer of airways made by microbiota elements (bacteria, viruses, archaea and fungi) and the surrounding mucous matrix. The MML homeostasis is also crucial for maintaining the healthy status of organs and its alteration is at the basis of airway disorders. Nanovesicles produced by EMTU and MML elements are probably the most important tool of communication among the different cell types, inclu…
Dietary salt promotes ischemic brain injury and is associated with parenchymal migrasome formation
2018
Sodium chloride promotes vascular fibrosis, arterial hypertension, pro-inflammatory immune cell polarization and endothelial dysfunction, all of which might influence outcomes following stroke. But despite enormous translational relevance, the functional importance of sodium chloride in the pathophysiology of acute ischemic stroke is still unclear. In the current study, we show that high-salt diet leads to significantly worse functional outcomes, increased infarct volumes, and a loss of astrocytes and cortical neurons in acute ischemic stroke. While analyzing the underlying pathologic processes, we identified the migrasome as a novel, sodium chloride-driven pathomechanism in acute ischemic …