Search results for "PIO"

Crystalline microstructure of sepiolite influenced by grinding

2005

The crystalline microstructure of ground sepiolite has been investigated. A reference sample of sepiolite and products of its comminution by dry grinding were studied through X-ray diffraction pattern analysis, specific surface measurements by nitrogen adsorption and complementary analysis of field emission scanning electron microscope images. A statistical model of polycrystals was applied to describe and determine the crystalline microstructure of the studied specimens. The model parameters characterizing the microstructure were prevalent crystallite shape, volume-weighted crystallite size distribution and second-order crystalline lattice strain distribution, and they were determined for …

X-ray diffraction line broadening on vibrating dry-milled Two Crows sepiolite

2006

A reference sample of sepiolite and products of its comminution by vibrating dry-milling have been studied using X-ray diffraction (XRD) line-broadening analysis, complementary field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) images and surface area measurements. The apparent crystallite sizes determined via XRD are in agreement with observations on FESEM images. The sepiolite aggregates consist of lath-shaped agglutinations of prisms and pinacoids elongated along [001], each lath including several crystallites in that direction. The surface area magnitudes are in the range of previous experimental measurements of other sepiolites. The results obtained show the effectiveness of vibro-mil…

Triazolopyridines. Part 11. Ylides derived from 2-Acylmethyltriazolopyridinium salts.

1991

Abstract Ylides derived from 2-acylmethyltriazolopyridinium salts (2a) -(2c) react with methyl or ethyl propiolate and with dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate to give ylides (3a)–(3e), (6) or (7). In some cases 1:2 adducts are formed, shown to be the novel ylides (8a)–(8d); an X-ray diffraction confirms structure (8a).

Stereoselective 1,3-Dipolar Cycloadditions of a Chiral Nitrone Derived from Erythrulose. An Experimental and DFT Theoretical Study

2000

We have investigated several 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions of a chiral nitrone prepared from L-erythrulose. While cycloadditions to carbon-carbon multiple bonds of dipolarophiles such as ethyl acrylate, ethyl propiolate, or dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate were poorly stereoselective, reaction with acrylonitrile provided predominantly one diastereomeric adduct. Furthermore, the regioselectivity exhibited by the two structurally similar dipolarophiles ethyl acrylate and ethyl propiolate was found to be opposite. The molecular mechanisms of these cycloadditions have thus been investigated by means of density functional theory (DFT) methods with the B3LYP functional and the 6-31G and 6-31+G basis …

ChemInform Abstract: Triazolopyridines. Part 11. Ylides Derived from 2- Acylmethyltriazolopyridinium Salts.

2010

Abstract Ylides derived from 2-acylmethyltriazolopyridinium salts (2a) -(2c) react with methyl or ethyl propiolate and with dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate to give ylides (3a)–(3e), (6) or (7). In some cases 1:2 adducts are formed, shown to be the novel ylides (8a)–(8d); an X-ray diffraction confirms structure (8a).

Cycloaddition reactions of 1-tert-butyl-4-vinylpyrazole

1989

1-tert-Butyl-4-vinylpyrazole1 a reacts with dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate (DMAD), methyl propiolate (MP) and N-phenylmaleimide (NPMI) affording the indazole derivatives2,3, and5 as a result of a Diels-Alder ([4 + 2]) cycloaddition. With diethylazodicarboxylate (DEAZD), tetracyanoethylene (TCNE) and 4-phenyl-1,2,4-triazole-3,5-dione (PTAD) the reaction takes place exclusively through the olefinic substituent and the adducts6,7, and9 were isolated. The alkenylpyrazoles1 b–d reacted withDMAD and N-phenylmaleimide to give polymers.

ChemInform Abstract: Cycloaddition Reactions of 1-tert.-Butyl-4-vinylpyrazole.

1990

1-tert-Butyl-4-vinylpyrazole1 a reacts with dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate (DMAD), methyl propiolate (MP) and N-phenylmaleimide (NPMI) affording the indazole derivatives2,3, and5 as a result of a Diels-Alder ([4 + 2]) cycloaddition. With diethylazodicarboxylate (DEAZD), tetracyanoethylene (TCNE) and 4-phenyl-1,2,4-triazole-3,5-dione (PTAD) the reaction takes place exclusively through the olefinic substituent and the adducts6,7, and9 were isolated. The alkenylpyrazoles1 b–d reacted withDMAD and N-phenylmaleimide to give polymers.

Cycloaddition reactions of 2-vinylthiophen

1985

Abstract Cycloaddition reactions between 2-vinylthiophen and the dienophiles maleic anhydride, dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate,' methyl propiolate, and methyl acrylate, are reported. Products include simple benzo[b]thiophen carboxylates (6, 13, 17) and reduced derivatives (3, 4, 18). The acetylenic dienophiles also gave a dihydrobenzthienyl-acrylate (16) or -fumarate (11), and the dithienylcyclohexene esters (7) and (14).

Circolazione degli studenti universitari e principio di non discriminazione nella recente giurisprudenza della Corte di giustizia

2011

La trasfigurazione del principio di legalità penale statale nel prisma del diritto europeo

2012

Il contributo esamina l’ormai risalente questione del possibile contrasto del diritto penale di fonte europea con il principio di legalità penale statale, alla luce delle novità introdotte dal Trattato di Lisbona. In particolare, esso evidenzia come la definitiva attribuzione di una competenza penale (pur sempre indiretta) all’Unione da parte del nuovo assetto istituzionale introdotto a Lisbona non abbia irreparabilmente compromesso l’esito del suddetto contrasto, nei termini negativi o di un’inevitabile capitolazione delle garanzie della legalità penale, o viceversa, del necessario innalzamento della barriera dei controlimiti contro il rischio di tale capitolazione. In proposito, lo scritt…