Search results for "Pharmaceutical Preparation"
showing 10 items of 213 documents
Theme issue 5th World Conference on Drug Absorption, Transport and Delivery.
2014
Computer simulations for bioequivalence trials: selection of analyte in BCS drugs with first-pass metabolism and two metabolic pathways.
2010
The objective of this work is to use a computer simulation approach to define the most sensitive analyte for in vivo bioequivalence studies of all types of Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) drugs undergoing first-pass hepatic metabolism with two metabolic pathways. A semi-physiological model was developed in NONMEM VI to simulate bioequivalence trials. Four BCS classes (from Class I to IV) of drugs, with three possible saturation scenarios (non-saturation, saturation and saturation of only the major route of metabolism), two (high or low) dose schemes, and six types of pharmaceutical quality for the drug products were simulated. The number of investigated scenarios was 144 (4 × 3…
Computer simulations of bioequivalence trials: selection of design and analyte in BCS drugs with first-pass hepatic metabolism: linear kinetics (I).
2008
Modeling and simulation approaches are useful tools to assess the potential outcome of different scenarios in bioequivalence studies. The aim of this study is to propose a new and improved semi-physiological model for bioequivalence trial simulations and apply it for all BCS (Biopharmaceutic Classification System) drug classes with non-saturated first-pass hepatic metabolism. The semi-physiological model was developed in NONMEM VI to simulate bioequivalence trials. Parent drug and metabolite levels for both reference and test were simulated. Eight types of drugs (with high or low permeability and high or low solubility (class I to IV) and high or low intrinsic clearance) were considered in …
Biochemical approach on the conservation of drug molecules during hair fiber formation
1997
A biochemical concept for the endogenous incorporation of drug molecules into growing hair is presented. It is based on the principles of transport across biomembranes, on the principles of biotransformation and drug melanin affinity. The approach gives explanations for current observations in hair analysis, which up to date have not been understood sufficiently. Phenomena such as the ratio of parent drug to metabolite in hair, the dependence of incorporation on the physico-chemical properties of the drug, the independence of drug incorporation on active melanogenesis (incorporation into non-pigmented hair) as well as the dependence of drug content on hair pigmentation are elucidated.
Positron emission tomography in CNS drug discovery and drug monitoring.
2014
Molecular imaging methods such as positron emission tomography (PET) are increasingly involved in the development of new drugs. Using radioactive tracers as imaging probes, PET allows the determination of the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of a drug candidate, via recording target engagement, the pattern of distribution, and metabolism. Because of the noninvasive nature and quantitative end point obtainable by molecular imaging, it seems inherently suited for the examination of a pharmaceutical’s behavior in the brain. Molecular imaging, most especially PET, can therefore be a valuable tool in CNS drug research. In this Perspective, we present the basic principles of PET, th…
High-throughput capillary electrophoresis frontal analysis method for the study of drug interactions with human serum albumin at near-physiological c…
2004
The application of the short-end capillary injection to capillary electrophoresis frontal analysis (CE-FA) to study the interaction between basic, neutral and acid drugs towards human serum albumin (HSA) at near-physiological conditions is presented. The compounds selected display a wide range of binding affinities and the results obtained were in good agreement with those reported in the literature. An equation for the estimation of the number of primary binding sites and their corresponding affinity constants is developed isolating the experimentally measured variables in just one axis. The proposed CE-FA method to screen drug interactions with HSA under physiological conditions is simple…
Hepatocytes--the choice to investigate drug metabolism and toxicity in man: in vitro variability as a reflection of in vivo.
2007
The pharmaceutical industry is committed to marketing safer drugs with fewer side effects, predictable pharmacokinetic properties and quantifiable drug-drug interactions. Drug metabolism is a major determinant of drug clearance and interindividual pharmacokinetic differences, and an indirect determinant of the clinical efficacy and toxicity of drugs. Progressive advances in the knowledge of metabolic routes and enzymes responsible for drug biotransformation have contributed to understanding the great metabolic variations existing in human beings. Phenotypic as well genotypic differences in the expression of the enzymes involved in drug metabolism are the main causes of this variability. How…
Predicting the risk of drug–drug interactions in psychiatric hospitals: a retrospective longitudinal pharmacovigilance study
2021
ObjectivesThe aim was to use routine data available at a patient’s admission to the hospital to predict polypharmacy and drug–drug interactions (DDI) and to evaluate the prediction performance with regard to its usefulness to support the efficient management of benefits and risks of drug prescriptions.DesignRetrospective, longitudinal study.SettingWe used data from a large multicentred pharmacovigilance project carried out in eight psychiatric hospitals in Hesse, Germany.ParticipantsInpatient episodes consecutively discharged between 1 October 2017 and 30 September 2018 (year 1) or 1 January 2019 and 31 December 2019 (year 2).Outcome measuresThe proportion of rightly classified hospital epi…
An ex-vivo model for transsynovial drug permeation of intraarticular injectables in naive and arthritic synovium
2021
Abstract Estimation of joint residence time of a drug is a key requirement for rational development of intraarticular therapeutics. There is a great need for a predictive model to reduce the high number of animal experiments in early stage development. Here, a Franz-cell based porcine ex-vivo permeation model is proposed, and transsynovial permeation of fluorescently-labeled dextrans in the range of potential drug candidates (10–150 kDa), as well as a small molecule (fluorescein sodium) and charged dextran derivates, have been determined. In addition, a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) -induced synovitis model was assessed for inflammatory biomarker levels and its effect on permeation of the solute…
Polypharmacy and the risk of drug-drug interactions and potentially inappropriate medications in hospital psychiatry.
2021
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to analyze the epidemiology of polypharmacy in hospital psychiatry. Another aim was to investigate predictors of the number of drugs taken and the associated risks of drug-drug interactions and potentially inappropriate medications in the elderly. METHODS Daily prescription data were obtained from a pharmacovigilance project sponsored by the Innovations Funds of the German Federal Joint Committee. RESULTS The study included 47 071 inpatient hospital cases from eight different study centers. The mean number of different drugs during the entire stay was 6.1 (psychotropic drugs = 2.7; others = 3.4). The mean number of drugs per day was 3.8 (psychotropic drugs …