Search results for "RULE"
showing 10 items of 1403 documents
Love of Enemies in the Context of Antiquity
2001
Do we find the principle of ‘loving one's enemies’ or precursors thereof in pre-Christian antiquity? In the Greco-Roman tradition we find as a common maxim ‘helping friends and harming enemies’ combined with the talio and the Golden Rule. Only Socrates and some Roman stoics recommend never to take revenge. In the OT Lev 19.18 may possibly be interpreted as a commandment of loving one's enemies. The first to have understood Lev 19.18 in this sense seems to be Jesus. Christians have too rarely lived up to his commandment.
Differences in activation of MAP kinases and variability in the polyglutamine tract of Slt2 in clinical and non-clinical isolates of Saccharomyces ce…
2010
The concept of Saccharomyces cerevisiae as an emerging opportunistic pathogen is relatively new and it is due to an increasing number of human infections during the past 20 years. There are still few studies addressing the mechanisms of infection of this yeast species. Moreover, little is known about how S. cerevisiae cells sense and respond to the harsh conditions imposed by the host, and whether this response is different between clinical isolates and non-pathogenic strains. In this regard, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways constitute one of the major mechanisms for controlling transcriptional responses and, in some cases, virulence in fungi. Here we show differences among …
S. Typhimurium virulence changes caused by exposure to different non-thermal preservation treatments using C. elegans
2017
The aims of this research study were: (i) to postulate Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) as a useful organism to describe infection by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium), and (ii) to evaluate changes in virulence of S. Typhimurium when subjected repetitively to different antimicrobial treatments. Specifically, cauliflower by-product infusion, High Hydrostatic Pressure (HHP), and Pulsed Electric Fields (PEF). This study was carried out by feeding C. elegans with different microbial populations: E. coli OP50 (optimal conditions), untreated S. Typhimurium, S. Typhimurium treated once and three times with cauliflower by-product infusion, S. Typhimurium treated once and f…
Salmonella bongori Provides Insights into the Evolution of the Salmonellae
2011
The genus Salmonella contains two species, S. bongori and S. enterica. Compared to the well-studied S. enterica there is a marked lack of information regarding the genetic makeup and diversity of S. bongori. S. bongori has been found predominantly associated with cold-blooded animals, but it can infect humans. To define the phylogeny of this species, and compare it to S. enterica, we have sequenced 28 isolates representing most of the known diversity of S. bongori. This cross-species analysis allowed us to confidently differentiate ancestral functions from those acquired following speciation, which include both metabolic and virulence-associated capacities. We show that, although S. bongori…
Modelling Dependencies Between Classifiers in Mobile Masquerader Detection
2004
The unauthorised use of mobile terminals may result in an abuse of sensitive information kept locally on the terminals or accessible over the network. Therefore, there is a need for security means capable of detecting the cases when the legitimate user of the terminal is substituted. The problem of user substitution detection is considered in the paper as a problem of classifying the behaviour of the person interacting with the terminal as originating from the user or someone else. Different aspects of behaviour are analysed by designated one-class classifiers whose classifications are subsequently combined. A modification of majority voting that takes into account some of the dependencies …
Multi-pass execution of functional logic programs
1994
An operational semantics for functional logic programs is presented. In such programs functional terms provide for reduction of expressions, provided that they ground. The semantics is based on multi-pass evaluation techniques originally developed for attribute grammars. Program execution is divided into two phases: (1) construction of an incomplete proof tree, and (2) its decoration into a complete proof tree. The construction phase applies a modified SLD-resolution scheme, and the decoration phase a partial (multi-pass) traversal over the tree. The phase partition is generated by static analysis where data dependencies are extracted for the functional elements of the program. The method g…
Mining virulence genes using metagenomics.
2011
When a bacterial genome is compared to the metagenome of an environment it inhabits, most genes recruit at high sequence identity. In free-living bacteria (for instance marine bacteria compared against the ocean metagenome) certain genomic regions are totally absent in recruitment plots, representing therefore genes unique to individual bacterial isolates. We show that these Metagenomic Islands (MIs) are also visible in bacteria living in human hosts when their genomes are compared to sequences from the human microbiome, despite the compartmentalized structure of human-related environments such as the gut. From an applied point of view, MIs of human pathogens (e.g. those identified in enter…
Normativity and collective recognition in Searle's account of language and social ontology
2015
Prendendo le mosse dalla tesi di John Searle che le istituzioni sono create e mantenute grazie al riconoscimento collettivo di funzioni di status secondo la forma logica “X conta come Y in C”, analizzO il ruolo cruciale delle regole costitutive nel percorso teorico searleano da Speech Acts a Making the Social World. Rendendo esplicito il parallelismo tra le regole costitutive che sottendono la realtà istituzionale e quelleche governano gli atti linguistici, miro a derivare da esse i criteri normativi per la valutazione razionale sia degli atti linguistici sia degli atti istituzionali. Mostro come tali criteri consentano di distinguere tra riconoscimento collettivo razionalmente motivato e r…
Marginal contribution, reciprocity and equity in segregated groups: Bounded rationality and selforganization in social networks
2007
We study the formation of social networks that are based on local interaction and simple rule following. Agents evaluate the profitability of link formation on the basis of the Myerson-Shapley principle that payoffs come from the marginal contribution they make to coalitions. The NP-hard problem associated with the Myerson-Shapley value is replaced by a boundedly rational 'spatially' myopic process. Agents consider payoffs from direct links with their neighbours (level 1), which can include indirect payoffs from neighbours' neighbours (level 2) and up to M-levels that are far from global. Agents dynamically break away from the neighbour to whom they make the least marginal contribution. Com…
A multiscale approach to automatic and unsupervised retinal vessel segmentation using Self-Organizing Maps
2016
In this paper an automatic unsupervised method for retinal vessel segmentation is described. Self-Organizing Map, modified Fuzzy C-Means, STAPLE algorithms and majority voting strategy were adopted to identify a segmentation of the retinal vessels. The performance of the proposed method was evaluated on the DRIVE database.