Search results for "Receptor"
showing 10 items of 6990 documents
A murine intestinal intraepithelial NKp46-negative innate lymphoid cell population characterized by group 1 properties
2017
The Ly49E receptor is preferentially expressed on murine innate-like lymphocytes, such as epidermal Vγ3 T cells, intestinal intraepithelial CD8αα(+) T lymphocytes, and CD49a(+) liver natural killer (NK) cells. As the latter have recently been shown to be distinct from conventional NK cells and have innate lymphoid cell type 1 (ILC1) properties, we investigated Ly49E expression on intestinal ILC populations. Here, we show that Ly49E expression is very low on known ILC populations, but it can be used to define a previously unrecognized intraepithelial innate lymphoid population. This Ly49E-positive population is negative for NKp46 and CD8αα, expresses CD49a and CD103, and requires T-bet expre…
Easy One-Step Amplification and Labeling Procedure for Copy Number Variation Detection.
2019
Abstract Background The specific characteristics of copy number variations (CNVs) require specific methods of detection and characterization. We developed the Easy One-Step Amplification and Labeling procedure for CNV detection (EOSAL-CNV), a new method based on proportional amplification and labeling of amplicons in 1 PCR. Methods We used tailed primers for specific amplification and a pair of labeling probes (only 1 labeled) for amplification and labeling of all amplicons in just 1 reaction. Products were loaded directly onto a capillary DNA sequencer for fragment sizing and quantification. Data obtained could be analyzed by Microsoft Excel spreadsheet or EOSAL-CNV analysis software. We d…
The activation of NMDA receptors alters the structural dynamics of the spines of hippocampal interneurons
2017
N-Methyl-d-Aspartate receptors (NMDARs) are present in both pyramidal neurons and interneurons of the hippocampus. These receptors play a key role in the structural plasticity of excitatory neurons, but to date little is known about their influence on the remodeling of interneurons. Among hippocampal interneurons, the somatostatin expressing cells in the CA1 stratum oriens are of special interest because of their functional importance and structural characteristics: they display dendritic spines, which change their density in response to different stimuli. In order to understand the role of NMDAR activation on the structural dynamics of the spines of somatostatin expressing interneurons in …
Intra-neuronal Competition for Synaptic Partners Conserves the Amount of Dendritic Building Material
2017
Brain development requires correct targeting of multiple thousand synaptic terminals onto staggeringly complex dendritic arbors. The mechanisms by which input synapse numbers are matched to dendrite size, and by which synaptic inputs from different transmitter systems are correctly partitioned onto a postsynaptic arbor, are incompletely understood. By combining quantitative neuroanatomy with targeted genetic manipulation of synaptic input to an identified Drosophila neuron, we show that synaptic inputs of two different transmitter classes locally direct dendrite growth in a competitive manner. During development, the relative amounts of GABAergic and cholinergic synaptic drive shift dendrit…
Neuronal LRP4 regulates synapse formation in the developing CNS
2017
The low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 4 (LRP4) is essential in muscle fibers for the establishment of the neuromuscular junction. Here, we show that LRP4 is also expressed by embryonic cortical and hippocampal neurons, and that downregulation of LRP4 in these neurons causes a reduction in density of synapses and number of primary dendrites. Accordingly, overexpression of LRP4 in cultured neurons had the opposite effect inducing more but shorter primary dendrites with an increased number of spines. Transsynaptic tracing mediated by rabies virus revealed a reduced number of neurons presynaptic to the cortical neurons in which LRP4 was knocked down. Moreover, neuron-specific kno…
Regulation of Dendritic Spine Morphology in Hippocampal Neurons by Copine-6.
2015
Dendritic spines compartmentalize information in the brain, and their morphological characteristics are thought to underly synaptic plasticity. Here we identify copine-6 as a novel modulator of dendritic spine morphology. We found that brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) - a molecule essential for long-term potentiation of synaptic strength - upregulated and recruited copine-6 to dendritic spines in hippocampal neurons. Overexpression of copine-6 increased mushroom spine number and decreased filopodia number, while copine-6 knockdown had the opposite effect and dramatically increased the number of filopodia, which lacked PSD95. Functionally, manipulation of post-synaptic copine-6 level…
NMDA Receptors Regulate the Structural Plasticity of Spines and Axonal Boutons in Hippocampal Interneurons
2017
N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) are present in both pyramidal neurons and interneurons of the hippocampus. These receptors play an important role in the adult structural plasticity of excitatory neurons, but their impact on the remodeling of interneurons is unknown. Among hippocampal interneurons, somatostatin-expressing cells located in the stratum oriens are of special interest because of their functional importance and structural characteristics: they display dendritic spines, which change density in response to different stimuli. In order to understand the role of NMDARs on the structural plasticity of these interneurons, we have injected acutely MK-801, an NMDAR antagonist, to …
beta-Adrenoceptor-mediated Relaxation of Urinary Bladder Muscle in beta 2-Adrenoceptor Knockout Mice
2016
Background and Objective. In order to characterize the β-adrenoceptor (AR) subtypes involved in agonist-stimulated relaxation of murine urinary bladder we studied the effects of (-)-isoprenaline and CL 316,243 on tonic contraction and spontaneous contractions in detrusor strips of wild-type (WT) and β2-AR knockout (β2-AR KO) mice. Materials and Methods. Urinary bladders were isolated from male WT and β2-AR KO mice. β-AR subtype expression was determined with quantitative real-time PCR. Intact muscle strips pre-contracted with KCl (40 mM) were exposed to cumulatively increasing concentrations of (-)-isoprenaline or β3-AR agonist CL 316,243 in the presence and absence of the subtype-selective…
Comparison between iMSD and 2D-pCF analysis for molecular motion studies on in vivo cells: The case of the epidermal growth factor receptor.
2018
Image correlation analysis has evolved to become a valuable method of analysis of the diffusional motion of molecules in every points of a live cell. Here we compare the iMSD and the 2D-pCF approaches that provide complementary information. The iMSD method provides the law of diffusion and it requires spatial averaging over a small region of the cell. The 2D-pCF does not require spatial averaging and it gives information about obstacles for diffusion at pixel resolution. We show the analysis of the same set of data by the two methods to emphasize that both methods could be needed to have a comprehensive understanding of the molecular diffusional flow in a live cell.
Novel Microglia Depletion Systems: A Genetic Approach Utilizing Conditional Diphtheria Toxin Receptor Expression and a Pharmacological Model Based on…
2019
Microglia are the main population of macrophage residing in the central nervous system (CNS). Depletion experiments gave important insights into the physiology and function of microglia in healthy and diseased CNS. Ablation of microglia can be achieved by application of pharmacological or genetic tools. Here, we describe two approaches to ablate microglia: an efficient genetic model that utilizes DTRMG mouse line that has diphtheria toxin receptor (DTR) expression regulated by the promoter activity of the fractalkine receptor (CX3CR1) gene, and a pharmacological model that utilizes the blocking of macrophage colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF-1R) with a blocking antibody. Both the ad…