Search results for "Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor"

showing 10 items of 50 documents

Patterns of transmitted HIV drug resistance in Europe vary by risk group

2014

BACKGROUND: In Europe, a continuous programme (SPREAD) has been in place for ten years to study transmission of drug resistant HIV. We analysed time trends of transmitted drug resistance mutations (TDRM) in relation to the risk behaviour reported. METHODS: HIV-1 patients newly diagnosed in 27 countries from 2002 through 2007 were included. Inclusion was representative for risk group and geographical distribution in the participating countries in Europe. Trends over time were calculated by logistic regression. RESULTS: From the 4317 patients included, the majority was men-having-sex-with-men -MSM (2084, 48%), followed by heterosexuals (1501, 35%) and injection drug users (IDU) (355, 8%). MSM…

MaleEpidemiologygenotypeHuman immunodeficiency virus 1HIV InfectionsRNA directed DNA polymerase inhibitorhigh risk patientLogistic regressionSettore MED/42 - Igiene Generale E ApplicataMen who have sex with men0302 clinical medicineImmunodeficiency Virusesmiddle agedstatistics and numerical data10. No inequalitySubstance Abuse Intravenous0303 health sciencesadulttransmissionvirus diseasesvirus transmissionhighly active antiretroviral therapyHIV immunopathogenesis3. Good healthMedical MicrobiologyViral Pathogenshigh risk behaviorMedicineScience & Technology - Other TopicsPOPULATIONShealth programanti human immunodeficiency virus agentUSERSmedicine.medical_specialtyScienceSexual BehaviorImmunologySexually Transmitted Diseasesintravenous drug abuse-Microbiology03 medical and health sciencesAntibiotic resistanceSDG 3 - Good Health and Well-beingHuman immunodeficiency virus infectionproteinase inhibitorHumansProtease InhibitorshumanHeterosexualityMicrobial PathogensseroconversionMedicine and health sciencesScience & TechnologyGenitourinary InfectionsMUTATIONSVirologymajor clinical studyLogistic Modelstransmitted drug resistance mutationHeterosexualityHIV-1Viral Diseases:Medical sciences: 700::Basic medical dental and veterinary sciences: 710::Medical immunology: 716 [VDP]drug responsemen who have sex with menDrug resistanceClinical immunologygeographyAPPEARANCEmale homosexualityMedizinische Fakultätimmune system diseasesEpidemiologyINFECTIONMedicine and Health Sciencessubstance abuse030212 general & internal medicineriskMultidisciplinaryACTIVE ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPYTransmission (medicine)virus mutationQRarticleObstetrics and GynecologyHIV diagnosis and managementMiddle AgedvirologyMultidisciplinary SciencesEuropeInfectious Diseasesfemale:Medisinske fag: 700::Basale medisinske odontologiske og veterinærmedisinske fag: 710::Medisinsk immunologi: 716 [VDP]Reverse Transcriptase InhibitorsHIV clinical manifestationsFemaleepidemiologyblood samplingHIV drug resistanceResearch ArticleAdultRiskrisk-groupAnti-HIV AgentsUrologyprevalenceInfectious Disease Epidemiologysexual behaviorRisk-Takingmaleantiviral resistanceInternal medicineDrug Resistance Viralmedicinecontrolled studyddc:610Homosexuality Male030304 developmental biologydrug resistanceBiology and life sciencesbusiness.industrystatistical modelHIVCD4 lymphocyte countheterosexualitynonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitorHuman immunodeficiency virus 1 infectionDiagnostic medicineINDIVIDUALSdrug effectsWomen's Healthbusinesstrend study
researchProduct

Transmission of drug-resistant HIV-1 in Europe remains limited to single classes

2008

BACKGROUND: The spread of drug-resistant HIV-1 might compromise the future success of current first-line regimens. OBJECTIVE: To analyse the extent and impact of transmission of drug-resistant HIV-1 variants in Europe. DESIGN AND METHODS: The European prospective programme (SPREAD) collected demographic, clinical and virological data from 1245 HIV-1-infected individuals in 17 countries diagnosed in 2002-2003. The potential impact of transmitted drug resistance mutations (TDRMs) on therapy response was determined by using genotypic interpretation algorithms. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of viruses with drug-resistance mutations was 9.1% [96/1050; 95% confidence interval: 7.5-11.1]. The ma…

MaleGenes Viralmedicine.medical_treatmentResistanceHuman immunodeficiency virus (HIV)hiv-1HIV InfectionsDrug resistanceSettore MED/42 - Igiene Generale E Applicatamedicine.disease_causeNucleoside Reverse Transcriptase InhibitorGenotypePrevalenceImmunology and AllergyHIV InfectionIsraelriskimmunodeficiency-virus type-1Transmission (medicine)transmissionpersistenceMiddle AgedReverse Transcriptase InhibitorEuropeInfectious Diseasesprimary infectionReverse Transcriptase InhibitorsFemaleeuropeHumanAdultRiskGenotypeLogistic ModelprevalenceImmunologyBiologyresistanceSDG 3 - Good Health and Well-beingDrug Resistance ViralDisease Transmission InfectiousmedicineHumansTransmissionHIV Protease Inhibitortime trendstherapyChi-Square DistributionProteaseHIV Protease InhibitorsloadmutationsVirologyConfidence intervalReverse transcriptaseLogistic ModelsDisease Transmission InfectiouMutationHIV-1AIDS
researchProduct

No pol mutation is associated independently with the lack of immune recovery in patients infected with HIV and failing antiretroviral therapy

2011

An investigation was undertaken to determine whether specific pol mutations hinder long-term immune recovery regardless of virological response. In total, 826 patients with >50 HIV RNA copies/ml, who underwent genotypic resistance testing between 1 January 2000 and 31 December 2003 after >3 years of antiretroviral treatment, and were followed up for >3 years after genotypic resistance testing, were analyzed retrospectively. The outcome of the study was the lack of immune recovery after >3 years of follow-up, defined as a slope by linear regression 50 copies/ml divided by the number of HIV RNA measurements during follow-up. Logistic regression was used for univariable and multivariable analy…

MaleHIV InfectionsDrug resistanceLogistic regressionResistance to nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitorCD4+ T-lymphocyteRetrospective StudieImmunopathologyAntiretroviral Therapy Highly ActiveResistance to non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitorgeneticsResistance to protease inhibitorHIV Infectionresistance to nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitorsViralSidaresistance to protease inhibitorsbiologyReverse-transcriptase inhibitorViral LoadGenes poldrug therapy/immunology/virologyReverse Transcriptase InhibitorInfectious DiseasesTreatment Outcomeresistance to non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitorsReverse Transcriptase InhibitorsFemaleViral loadmedicine.drugHumanpolAnti-HIV AgentsAntiretroviral TherapyViremiaInfectious DiseaseSettore MED/17 - MALATTIE INFETTIVEpharmacology/therapeutic useAcquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)VirologyDrug Resistance ViralmedicineHumansHighly ActiveRetrospective StudiesAnti-HIV Agents; pharmacology/therapeutic use Antiretroviral Therapy; Highly Active CD4 Lymphocyte Count Drug Resistance; Viral; genetics Female Genes; pol HIV Infections; drug therapy/immunology/virology HIV-1; drug effects/enzymology/genetics Humans Male Mutation Retrospective Studies Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors; therapeutic use Treatment Outcome Viral Loaddrug resistanceAnti-HIV Agentbiology.organism_classificationmedicine.diseaseVirologyCD4 Lymphocyte CountGenesdrug effects/enzymology/geneticstherapeutic useMutationCD4+ T-lymphocytesHIV-1
researchProduct

Transmission of HIV Drug Resistance and the Predicted Effect on Current First-line Regimens in Europe

2016

Transmitted human immunodeficiency virus drug resistance in Europe is stable at around 8%. The impact of baseline mutation patterns on susceptibility to antiretroviral drugs should be addressed using clinical guidelines. The impact on baseline susceptibility is largest for nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors.

MaleHuman immunodeficiency virus 1EtravirineRNA directed DNA polymerase inhibitordarunavirHIV InfectionsSettore MED/42 - Igiene Generale E Applicata:Disciplines and Occupations::Health Occupations::Medicine::Public Health [Medical Subject Headings]:Organisms::Eukaryota::Animals::Chordata::Vertebrates::Mammals::Primates::Haplorhini::Catarrhini::Hominidae::Humans [Medical Subject Headings]Salud públicageneticsInhibidores de proteasas:Analytical Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment::Investigative Techniques::Epidemiologic Methods::Data Collection::Vital Statistics::Morbidity::Prevalence [Medical Subject Headings]atazanavirmedia_commontransmission:Geographicals::Geographic Locations::Europe [Medical Subject Headings]3. Good healthmicrobial sensitivity testpriority journalEurope ; HIV-1 ; antiretroviral therapy ; drug resistance ; transmissionHIV/AIDSlamivudineReverse Transcriptase Inhibitors/pharmacologyanti human immunodeficiency virus agentDrugMicrobiology (medical)medicine.medical_specialtyantiviral susceptibility:Phenomena and Processes::Genetic Phenomena::Genetic Variation::Mutation [Medical Subject Headings]media_common.quotation_subjectantiretroviral therapy030106 microbiologyHIV Infections/drug therapy:Chemicals and Drugs::Chemical Actions and Uses::Pharmacologic Actions::Therapeutic Uses::Anti-Infective Agents::Antiviral Agents::Anti-Retroviral Agents::Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors [Medical Subject Headings]Microbial Sensitivity TestsRILPIVIRINEArticleEFAVIRENZ03 medical and health sciencestransmitted drug resistanceSDG 3 - Good Health and Well-beingHumansTransmissionhuman:Phenomena and Processes::Physiological Phenomena::Pharmacological Phenomena::Drug Resistance [Medical Subject Headings]REVERSE-TRANSCRIPTASE INHIBITORSRilpivirinaINTEGRASEMUTATIONSabacavirmajor clinical studyVirologyInfecciones por VIHRegimenAntiretroviral therapy; Drug resistance; Europe; HIV-1; Transmission; Medicine (all); Microbiology (medical); Infectious DiseaseschemistryDrug resistance:Chemicals and Drugs::Heterocyclic Compounds::Heterocyclic Compounds 1-Ring::Oxazines::Benzoxazines [Medical Subject Headings]MutationHIV-10301 basic medicinenevirapineDrug resistanceCommunicable diseases:Analytical Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment::Investigative Techniques::Epidemiologic Methods::Statistics as Topic::Confidence Intervals [Medical Subject Headings]chemistry.chemical_compoundantiviral therapyINFECTIONMedicine and Health SciencesPrevalence:Analytical Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment::Investigative Techniques::Epidemiologic Methods::Data Collection::Surveys and Questionnaires [Medical Subject Headings]ViralNon-U.S. Gov'tReverse-transcriptase inhibitorantiretrovirus agentResearch Support Non-U.S. Gov'tMedicine (all)Human immunodeficiency virus infected patientMiddle AgedvirologyPREVALENCEAntiretroviral therapyEncuestas y CuestionariosANTIRETROVIRAL TREATMENTEuropeInfectious DiseasesHIV-1/drug effectsHIV Protease Inhibitors/pharmacologyRilpivirineReverse Transcriptase Inhibitors:Diseases::Immune System Diseases::Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes::HIV Infections [Medical Subject Headings]FemaleHIV drug resistancemedicine.drugAdultHuman immunodeficiency virus proteinase inhibitor:Chemicals and Drugs::Organic Chemicals::Nitriles::Rilpivirine [Medical Subject Headings]EfavirenzAnti-HIV AgentsResearch SupportResistencia a medicamentosSettore MED/17 - MALATTIE INFETTIVEantiviral resistanceInternal medicineAnti-HIV Agents/pharmacologyDrug Resistance ViralJournal Articlemedicine:Chemicals and Drugs::Chemical Actions and Uses::Pharmacologic Actions::Molecular Mechanisms of Pharmacological Action::Enzyme Inhibitors::Protease Inhibitors [Medical Subject Headings]abacavir plus lamivudineEuropa (Continente)Antiretroviral therapy; Drug resistance; Europe; HIV-1; Transmission; Adult; Anti-HIV Agents; Drug Resistance Viral; Europe; Female; HIV Infections; HIV Protease Inhibitors; HIV-1; Humans; Male; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Middle Aged; Mutation; Prevalence; Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors; Microbiology (medical); Infectious DiseasesemtricitabinenonhumanIntervalos de confianzadrug resistanceMutaciónAntiretroviral therapy; Drug resistance; Europe; HIV-1; Transmissionbusiness.industryHIVpredictionInhibidores de la transcriptasa inversaHIV Protease InhibitorsHuman immunodeficiency virus 1 infectiontenofovirINDIVIDUALSDrug Resistance Viral/geneticsBenzoxazinasETRAVIRINEdrug effects3121 General medicine internal medicine and other clinical medicinePrevalenciabusiness
researchProduct

Low Rate of Virological Failure and Maintenance of Susceptibility to HIV-1 Protease Inhibitors with First-Line Lopinavir/Ritonavir-Based Antiretrovir…

2010

Protease inhibitor (PI)-resistant HIV-1 has hardly ever been detected at failed boosted PI-based first-line antiretroviral regimens in clinical trials. However, this phenomenon has not been investigated in clinical practice. To address this gap, data from patients starting a first-line lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/rtv)-based therapy with available baseline HIV-1 RNA load, a viral genotype and follow-up viral load after 3 and 6 months of treatment were extracted from the Italian Antiretroviral Resistance Cohort Analysis (ARCA) observational database. Based on survival analysis, 39 (7.1%) and 43 (7.8%) of the 548 examined patient cases had an HIV-1 RNA >500 and >50 copies/ml, respectively, after …

MaleLopinavir/ritonavirHIV Infectionsboosted protease inhibitorLopinavirCohort Studies0302 clinical medicineAntiretroviral Therapy Highly Activevirologic failureHIV InfectionTreatment Failure030212 general & internal medicinePyrimidinone0303 health scienceseducation.field_of_studylopinavir/ritonavirLopinavirViral LoadResistance mutationfirst-line antiretroviral therapyReverse Transcriptase Inhibitor3. Good healthTreatment OutcomeInfectious DiseasesRNA ViralReverse Transcriptase InhibitorsMedicineDrug Therapy CombinationFemaleSurvival AnalysiViral loadHumanmedicine.drugAnti-HIV AgentsPopulationPyrimidinones.Settore MED/17 - MALATTIE INFETTIVEEmtricitabinehuman immunodeficiency virus type 103 medical and health sciencesVirologyDrug Resistance Viralantiretroviral drug resistancemedicineHumansProtease inhibitor (pharmacology)educationHIV Protease InhibitorRitonavir030306 microbiologybusiness.industryAnti-HIV AgentHIV Protease InhibitorsSurvival AnalysisVirologyHIV-1RitonavirCohort Studiebusiness
researchProduct

Declining Prevalence of HIV-1 Drug Resistance in Antiretroviral Treatment-exposed Individuals in Western Europe

2013

HIV-1 drug resistance represents a major obstacle to infection and disease control. This retrospective study analyzes trends and determinants of resistance in antiretroviral treatment (ART)-exposed individuals across 7 countries in Europe. Of 20 323 cases, 80% carried at least one resistance mutation: these declined from 81% in 1997 to 71% in 2008. Predicted extensive 3-class resistance was rare (3.2% considering the cumulative genotype) and peaked at 4.5% in 2005, decreasing thereafter. The proportion of cases exhausting available drug options dropped from 32% in 2000 to 1% in 2008. Reduced risk of resistance over calendar years was confirmed by multivariable analysis. © 2013 The Author.

MaleMultivariate analysisDatabases FactualDrug ResistanceHIV InfectionsDrug resistance0302 clinical medicineRetrospective StudieRisk FactorsEpidemiologyGenotypepol Gene Products Human Immunodeficiency ViruOdds RatioPrevalenceImmunology and AllergyHIV Infection030212 general & internal medicinepol Gene ProductsViralMultivariate Analysimedia_common0303 health sciencesDrug Resistance Prevalence HIV-1Middle AgedResistance mutation3. Good healthReverse Transcriptase InhibitorEuropeInfectious DiseasesReverse Transcriptase InhibitorsepidemiologyFemaleMultipleHuman Immunodeficiency VirusHumanDrugAdultmedicine.medical_specialtyGenotypeEvolutionmedia_common.quotation_subjectSexual Behaviorantiretroviral therapyInfectious DiseaseBiologySettore MED/17 - MALATTIE INFETTIVEEvolution Molecular03 medical and health sciencesDatabasesSDG 3 - Good Health and Well-beingDrug Resistance Multiple ViralmedicineHumansHIV Protease InhibitorFactualRetrospective Studies030306 microbiologyRisk FactorMolecularRetrospective cohort studyOdds ratioHIV Protease InhibitorsCD4 Lymphocyte Countantiretroviral therapy; drug resistance; epidemiology; genotyping; HIV-1; Adult; CD4 Lymphocyte Count; Databases Factual; Europe; Evolution Molecular; Female; Genotype; HIV Infections; HIV Protease Inhibitors; HIV-1; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Multivariate Analysis; Mutation; Odds Ratio; Prevalence; Retrospective Studies; Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors; Risk Factors; Sexual Behavior; pol Gene Products Human Immunodeficiency Virus; Drug Resistance Multiple Viral; Immunology and Allergy; Infectious Diseasesgenotypingpol Gene Products Human Immunodeficiency VirusImmunologyMultivariate AnalysisMutationHIV-1DemographyJournal of Infectious Diseases
researchProduct

Pharmacokinetic Interaction between Nevirapine and Nortriptyline in Rats: Inhibition of Nevirapine Metabolism by Nortriptyline

2014

ABSTRACTOne of the most frequent comorbidities of HIV infection is depression, with a lifetime prevalence of 22 to 45%. Therefore, it was decided to study a potential pharmacokinetic interaction between the nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor nevirapine (NVP) and the tricyclic antidepressant nortriptyline (NT). NVP and NT were administered to rats either orally, intraduodenally, or intravenously, and the changes in plasma levels and pharmacokinetic parameters were analyzed. Experiments with rat and human hepatic microsomes were carried out to evaluate the inhibitory effects of NT on NVP metabolism. NVP plasma concentrations were significantly higher when this drug was coadminister…

MaleNevirapineAnti-HIV AgentsAdministration OralNortriptylineAntidepressive Agents TricyclicPharmacologyPharmacokineticsimmune system diseasesIn vivomedicineAnimalsHumansPharmacology (medical)NevirapineRats WistarBiotransformationPharmacologyDose-Response Relationship DrugReverse-transcriptase inhibitorbusiness.industryvirus diseasesRatsDose–response relationshipInfectious DiseasesArea Under CurveInjections IntravenousMicrosomes LiverMicrosomeReverse Transcriptase InhibitorsNortriptylinebusinessDrug AntagonismDrug metabolismmedicine.drugAntimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy
researchProduct

Hepatitis B virus reactivation and alemtuzumab therapy

2005

Reactivation of hepatitis B virus infection in subjects receiving cytotoxic treatment for heamatological malignancies occurs in 21–53% of chronic HBsAg carriers and in an unknown number of HBsAg negative subjects harbouring occult HBV infection. Immmunotherapy with alemtuzumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody against CD52 epitopes on lymphocytes cells produces deep immunosuppression. We describe two subjects with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia and occult HBV infection who developed a virological and biochemical flare of hepatitis B following immunotherapy with alemtuzumab. One of them developed full blown hepatitis with seroreversion from anti-HBs to HBsAg after four weeks of alemtuzumab the…

MaleSettore MED/07 - Microbiologia E Microbiologia ClinicaHepatitis B virusHBsAgCD52Antibodies Neoplasmmedicine.medical_treatmenthepatitis B viruAntibodies Monoclonal Humanizedmedicine.disease_causeCampath-1HSettore MED/15 - Malattie Del SanguemedicineHumansAlemtuzumabImmunosuppression TherapyHepatitisHepatitis B virusSettore MED/12 - GastroenterologiaHepatitis B Surface Antigensbusiness.industryacute hepatitiAntibodies Monoclonalvirus diseasesLamivudineImmunosuppressionHematologyGeneral MedicineMiddle AgedHepatitis BHepatitis Bmedicine.diseaseLeukemia Lymphocytic Chronic B-Celldigestive system diseasesLamivudineDNA ViralImmunologyReverse Transcriptase InhibitorsAlemtuzumabFemaleVirus Activationbusinesschronic lymphocytic leukaemiamedicine.drugEuropean Journal of Haematology
researchProduct

Bioavailability of nevirapine in rats after oral and subcutaneous administration, in vivo absorption from gastrointestinal segments and effect of bil…

2011

Abstract Nevirapine is a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor of human immunodeficiency virus type-1. The usual dosing regimen is 200 mg twice/day. Reducing the dosing frequency would significantly improve treatment adherence and quality of life of patients. To study new forms of administration, it is necessary to do pre-clinical studies and know the absorption characteristics of nevirapine in laboratory animals. However, there are no studies about its bioavailability in rats and hardly any about its pharmacokinetic. The objectives of this study were to describe the pharmacokinetics of nevirapine in rats after intravenous, oral and subcutaneous administration, to assess its absorp…

Malemedicine.medical_specialtyNevirapineDuodenumInjections SubcutaneousPharmaceutical ScienceAdministration OralBiological AvailabilityIleumAbsorption (skin)PharmacologyGastroenterologyIntestinal absorptionPharmacokineticsSpecies SpecificityOral administrationInternal medicinemedicineAnimalsBileHumansNevirapineRats Wistarbusiness.industrydigestive oral and skin physiologyBioavailabilityRatsGastrointestinal Tractmedicine.anatomical_structureIntestinal AbsorptionInjections IntravenousDuodenumReverse Transcriptase Inhibitorsbusinessmedicine.drugInternational journal of pharmaceutics
researchProduct

COVID-19 in people living with HIV: Clinical implications of dynamics of the immune response to SARS-CoV-2.

2020

ABSTRACT Background Little evidence on COVID‐19 in people living with HIV (PLWH) is currently available. Material and Methods We reported clinical and viro‐immunological data of all HIV‐positive patients admitted to our centre with COVID‐19 from March 1 to May 12,2020. Results Overall, five patients were included: all were virologically‐suppressed on antiretroviral therapy and CD4+ count was >350 cell/mm3 in all but two patients. Although all patients had evidence of pneumonia on admission, only one developed respiratory failure. SARS‐CoV‐2‐RNA was never detected from nasopharyngeal swabs in two patients, whereas, in the others, viral clearance occurred within a maximum of 43 days. IgG prod…

Malemedicine.medical_treatmentHIV InfectionsAntibodies ViralSeverity of Illness IndexImmunoglobulin GPiperazinesimmune responseSARS‐CoV‐20302 clinical medicine030212 general & internal medicinebiologyCoinfectionImmunosuppressionMiddle AgedInfectious DiseasesAnti-Retroviral AgentsCytokinesRNA ViralReverse Transcriptase Inhibitors030211 gastroenterology & hepatologyFemaleAntibodyHeterocyclic Compounds 3-RingRiskPyridonesShort CommunicationShort CommunicationsTransgender PersonsProinflammatory cytokine03 medical and health sciencesImmune systemCOVID‐19VirologySeverity of illnessOxazinesmedicineHumansHIV Integrase InhibitorsTenofovirbusiness.industrySARS-CoV-2medicine.diseaseHIV infectionVirologyAntibodies NeutralizingCD4 Lymphocyte CountImmunity HumoralCOVID-19 Drug TreatmentPneumoniaRespiratory failureImmunologybiology.proteinbusinessJournal of medical virology
researchProduct