Search results for "Salinity"

showing 10 items of 374 documents

Life-history variation, environmental fluctuations and competition in ecologically similar species: modeling the case of rotifers

2015

Competition for resources can lead to species exclusion. However, this exclusion may be avoided if species show differential adaptation to physical environment. Empirical studies on competition are difficult when species are phylogenetically close and have complex life cycles. This is the case of B. plicatilis and B. manjavacas, two cryptic rotifer species differing in their salinity niches and in life-history traits related to sex and diapause. These differences have been suggested to promote the stable co-occurrence observed in natural populations of these species. However, in a previous empirical study, the outcome of competition between both species was always exclusion. Here, we theore…

Ecological nicheCoexistence theoryEcologyEcologymedia_common.quotation_subjectGrowing seasonRotiferAquatic ScienceBiologyDiapausebiology.organism_classificationCompetition (biology)SalinityAdaptationEcology Evolution Behavior and Systematicsmedia_commonJournal of Plankton Research
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Aridity level, rainfall pattern and soil features as key factors in germination strategies in salt-affected plant communities

2015

Abstract In arid environments, particularly in halophytic habitats, germination ecophysiology is strongly affected by environmental factors, primarily water availability, which is influenced by quantity and seasonal distribution of precipitation and soil properties. The aim of this paper was to demonstrate that water availability is essential for the control of germination and the response of seedlings growing in saline areas. With this approach, we compared the germination strategies in two Halocnemum populations with contrasting rainfall regimes and soil aridity. The germination behavior and radicle growth under various temperature regimes, light conditions and salinity levels were evalua…

Ecophysiologyeducation.field_of_studyEcologyEcologyPopulationPlant communityBiologyAridSalinityAgronomyGerminationHalophyteRadicleeducationEcology Evolution Behavior and SystematicsEarth-Surface ProcessesJournal of Arid Environments
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Ocean acidification affects fish spawning but not paternity at CO2 seeps

2016

Fish exhibit impaired sensory function and altered behaviour at levels of ocean acidification expected to occur owing to anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions during this century. We provide the first evidence of the effects of ocean acidification on reproductive behaviour of fish in the wild. Satellite and sneaker male ocellated wrasse (Symphodus ocellatus) compete to fertilize eggs guarded by dominant nesting males. Key mating behaviours such as dominant male courtship and nest defence did not differ between sites with ambient versus elevated CO2 concentrations. Dominant males did, however, experience significantly lower rates of pair spawning at elevated CO2 levels. Despite the higher r…

Eggs standard errorOcean Acidification International Coordination Centre (OA-ICC)TemperateRegistration number of speciesIdentificationSalinityEggsinorganicAlkalinityExperimentNumber standard errorDominant male paternityTemperature waterCarbon inorganic dissolvedNumber of individualsCalculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al 2010Number of spawning events standard errorAragonite saturation stateFish standard lengthChordataAlkalinity totalSalinity standard errortotalCO2 ventReplicatesCourtship standard errorpHPelagosReproductionSymphodus ocellatusTemperatureNumberPartial pressure of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air) standard errordissolvedCarbonate ionPartial pressure of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air)standard errorIndividuals standard errorEarth System ResearchField observationFOS: Medical biotechnologyUniform resource locator link to referencePotentiometric titrationCalcite saturation stateLocationPotentiometricwaterNumber of spawning eventsAgeUniform resource locator/link to referenceOcean Acidification International Coordination Centre OA ICCMediterranean SeaAnimaliaEggs areaBehaviourTypeBicarbonate ionNektonEggs area standard errorTemperature water standard errorCalculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)SpeciespH standard errorWet massDominant male paternity standard errorCalculated using CO2SYSEvent labelIndividualsCourtshipCarbonate system computation flagstandard lengthFugacity of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air)CarbonTreatmentPartial pressure of carbon dioxide water at sea surface temperature wet airFishCarbon dioxideSingle speciesFugacity of carbon dioxide water at sea surface temperature wet airCoast and continental shelf
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Assisted reverse electrodialysis for CO2 electrochemical conversion and treatment of wastewater: A new approach towards more eco-friendly processes u…

2020

Abstract In this paper, the utilization of assisted reverse electrodialysis (A-RED), recently used for pre-desalination, is proposed as a general method to reduce the energy requirements of electrolysis processes and evaluated for two model processes: (i) the cathodic conversion of carbon dioxide to formic acid; (ii) the anodic treatment of water contaminated by organics. In A-RED, two solutions with different salt content and an external potential difference, applied in the direction of the natural salinity gradient, are both used to drive redox processes. It was shown, for the first time, that the cathodic conversion of CO2 to formic acid can be performed by both reverse electrodialysis (…

ElectrolysisChemistryFormic acidGeneral Chemical Engineering02 engineering and technologySettore ING-IND/27 - Chimica Industriale E Tecnologica010402 general chemistry021001 nanoscience & nanotechnologyElectrochemistryPulp and paper industry01 natural sciences0104 chemical scienceslaw.inventionCathodic protectionAnodeSalinitychemistry.chemical_compoundWastewaterlawReversed electrodialysisReverse electrodialysis (RED)Assisted reverse electrodialysis (A-RED)Conversion of carbon dioxideWastewater treatmentElectrochemistry0210 nano-technologyElectrochimica Acta
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Evaluation of the Economic and Environmental Performance of Low-Temperature Heat to Power Conversion using a Reverse Electrodialysis – Multi-Effect D…

2019

In the examined heat engine, reverse electrodialysis (RED) is used to generate electricity from the salinity difference between two artificial solutions. The salinity gradient is restored through a multi-effect distillation system (MED) powered by low-temperature waste heat at 100 °C. The current work presents the first comprehensive economic and environmental analysis of this advanced concept, when varying the number of MED effects, the system sizing, the salt of the solutions, and other key parameters. The levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) has been calculated, showing that competitive solutions can be reached only when the system is at least medium to large scale. The lowest LCOE, at a…

Energy storageControl and Optimizationreverse electrodialysisCost020209 energyEnergy Engineering and Power Technology02 engineering and technologylcsh:Technology7. Clean energyEnergy storagelaw.inventionEnvironmental impactLife cycle assessment020401 chemical engineeringlawWaste heatReversed electrodialysisReverse electrodialysi0202 electrical engineering electronic engineering information engineeringOsmotic powerSalinity gradient power0204 chemical engineeringElectrical and Electronic EngineeringCost of electricity by sourceProcess engineeringEngineering (miscellaneous)DistillationHeat engineLCOElcsh:TRenewable Energy Sustainability and the Environmentbusiness.industryreverse electrodialysis; multi-effect distillation; cost; LCOE; waste heat; energy storage; life cycle assessment; environmental impacts; salinity gradient powerenvironmental impactsMulti-effect distillation6. Clean water13. Climate actionMultiple-effect distillationEnvironmental scienceWaste heatbusinessEnergy (miscellaneous)Energies
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CFD simulation of channels for direct and reverse electrodialysis

2012

Flows within very thin channels, typically filled with spacers, can be often encountered in many processes such as electrodialysis (ED) and reverse electrodialysis (RED). Although the ED and the RED processes have been studied for a long time, the optimization of the fluid dynamics within the channels is still an open problem. In the present work, realized within the EU-FP7 funded REAPower project, computational fluid dynamics simulations were carried out in order to predict the fluid flow field inside a single ED/RED channel. Some different configurations were tested which includes: an empty channel, a channel provided with a spacer, and a channel filled with a purposely manufactured fiber…

EngineeringEngineering drawingRenewable energySettore ING-IND/26 - Teoria Dello Sviluppo Dei Processi ChimiciSpacer020209 energySettore ING-IND/25 - Impianti ChimiciOcean EngineeringTopology (electrical circuits)02 engineering and technologyComputational fluid dynamicsElectrodialysi020401 chemical engineeringReversed electrodialysisReverse electrodialysi0202 electrical engineering electronic engineering information engineeringFluid dynamicsPerpendicularSalinity gradient power0204 chemical engineeringWater Science and Technologybusiness.industryWaterMechanicsElectrodialysisPollutionSettore ING-IND/06 - FluidodinamicaPorous mediumbusinessCFDCommunication channel
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REWAQUA: an advanced technology for water purification in sustainable aquaculture based on photocatalytic ozonation

2017

The present study has been undertaken in order to test the real potential of photocatalytic ozonation in a bench-scale recirculating aquaculture system working on a 180 L reef coral aquarium. Notably, this choice may be considered representative. In fact, (i) the system is virtually closed so that fresh water turnover is practically negligible, (ii) the presence of living organisms is highly diversified (corals, fishes, molluscs, echinoderms and crustaceans) and some of them are particularly sensitive to water quality, (iii) high salinity strongly puts a strain on the purification system. The hereby presented purification method has been named REWAQUA, which stands for REcycling Water for A…

EngineeringSettore ING-IND/24 - Principi Di Ingegneria Chimicabusiness.industryCoralEnvironmental engineeringRecirculating aquaculture systemPortable water purificationBromatePhotocatalysis Ozonation Integrated systems Recirculating aquaculture systemsSalinitychemistry.chemical_compoundchemistryAquaculturePhotocatalysisWater qualitySettore CHIM/07 - Fondamenti Chimici Delle Tecnologiebusiness
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Analysis and simulation of scale-up potentials in reverse electrodialysis

2015

The Reverse Electrodialysis (RED) process has been widely accepted as a viable and promising technology to produce electric energy from salinity difference (salinity gradient power - e.g. using river water/seawater, or seawater and concentrated brines). Recent R&D efforts demonstrated how an appropriate design of the RED unit and a suitable selection of process conditions may crucially enhance the process performance. With this regard, a process simulator was developed and validated with experimental data collected on a lab-scale unit, providing a new modelling tool for process optimisation. In this work, performed within the REAPower project (www.reapower.eu), a process simulator previousl…

EngineeringSettore ING-IND/26 - Teoria Dello Sviluppo Dei Processi Chimici020209 energySettore ING-IND/25 - Impianti Chimicisea waterprocess simulatorOcean Engineering02 engineering and technology010501 environmental sciencesmodel.01 natural sciencesRiver waterElectric energyReversed electrodialysis0202 electrical engineering electronic engineering information engineeringOsmotic powerProcess engineeringSalinity Gradient Power0105 earth and related environmental sciencesWater Science and Technologybusiness.industryEnvironmental engineeringExperimental dataSalinity Gradient Power; RED; sea water; brine; process simulator; model.REDPollution6. Clean waterProcess conditionsbrineSCALE-UPSeawaterbusiness
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A simulation tool for analysis and design of reverse electrodialysis using concentrated brines

2015

Abstract Reverse electrodialysis (SGP-RE or RED) represents a viable technology for the conversion of the salinity gradient power into electric power. A comprehensive model is proposed for the RED process using sea or brackish water and concentrated brine as feed solutions. The goals were (i) reliably describing the physical phenomena involved in the process and (ii) providing information for optimal equipment design. For such purposes, the model has been developed at two different scales of description: a lower scale for the repeating unit of the system (cell pair), and a higher scale for the entire equipment (stack). The model was implemented in a process simulator, validated against orig…

EngineeringSettore ING-IND/26 - Teoria Dello Sviluppo Dei Processi ChimiciGeneral Chemical EngineeringSettore ING-IND/25 - Impianti Chimicisea waterprocess simulator7. Clean energyReversed electrodialysisOsmotic powerProcess engineeringSalinity Gradient PowerPower densitygeographygeography.geographical_feature_categoryBrackish waterbusiness.industryEnvironmental engineeringReverse ElectrodialysiGeneral ChemistryInlet6. Clean waterVolumetric flow ratebrineBrineElectric powerbusinessSalinity Gradient Power; Reverse Electrodialysis; sea water; brine; process simulator; multi-scale modelmulti-scale modelChemical Engineering Research and Design
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Reverse electrodialysis performed at pilot plant scale: Evaluation of redox processes and simultaneous generation of electric energy and treatment of…

2017

Abstract This paper describes the experimental campaign carried out with a reverse electrodialysis (RED) demonstration plant (Marsala, Italy) with the main aims of: (i) evaluating the effect of various operating parameters, including the redox processes, on the system performances; (ii) using the plant for the simultaneous generation of electric energy and treatment of wastewater. The prototype (44 × 44 cm2, 500 cell pairs) was tested using both real (brackish water and brine) and artificial solutions. Tests with two different electrode rinse solutions (with or without iron redox couples) were performed. In agreement with the data obtained in the laboratory, the presence of iron ions contri…

Environmental Engineering02 engineering and technologyWastewater treatment010501 environmental sciencesWastewater01 natural sciencesRedoxWaste Disposal FluidElectricityReversed electrodialysisOsmotic powerSalinity gradient powerElectrodesWaste Management and Disposal0105 earth and related environmental sciencesCivil and Structural EngineeringIon exchange membraneWater Science and TechnologyPollutantPilot plantChemistryEcological ModelingEnvironmental engineering021001 nanoscience & nanotechnologyREDPollutionBrinePilot plantWastewaterItalySewage treatment0210 nano-technologyDialysisOxidation-Reduction
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