Search results for "Unity"

showing 10 items of 3852 documents

Seawater carbonate chemistry and community structure of marine biofouling communities

2018

Ocean acidification may have far-reaching consequences for marine community and ecosystem dynamics, but its full impacts remain poorly understood due to the difficulty of manipulating pCO2 at the ecosystem level to mimic realistic fluctuations that occur on a number of different timescales. It is especially unclear how quickly communities at various stages of development respond to intermediate-scale pCO2 change and, if high pCO2 is relieved mid-succession, whether past acidification effects persist, are reversed by alleviation of pCO2 stress, or are worsened by departures from prior high pCO2 conditions to which organisms had acclimatized. Here, we used reciprocal transplant experiments al…

Ocean Acidification International Coordination Centre (OA-ICC)TemperateIdentificationSalinityCommunity composition and diversityBicarbonate ion standard deviationinorganicAlkalinity total standard deviationAlkalinityTime in weeksExperimentTemperature waterCarbon inorganic dissolvedCalculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al 2010Aragonite saturation stateAlkalinity totaltotalCO2 ventpHTemperaturedissolvedCarbonate ionPartial pressure of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air)Field experimentTemperature water standard deviationEarth System Researchstandard deviationCalcite saturation statewaterPartial pressure of carbon dioxideSiteRocky-shore communityAragonite saturation state standard deviationBenthosSalinity standard deviationOcean Acidification International Coordination Centre OA ICCMediterranean SeaCarbon inorganic dissolved standard deviationCalcite saturation state standard deviationTypeBicarbonate ionCalculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)Shannon Diversity IndexCalculated using CO2SYSIndividualsPartial pressure of carbon dioxide standard deviationCarbonate system computation flagpH standard deviationFugacity of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air)CarbonPartial pressure of carbon dioxide water at sea surface temperature wet airCarbon dioxideRocky shore communityEntire communityFugacity of carbon dioxide water at sea surface temperature wet airCoast and continental shelfNumber of species
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Seaweed fails to prevent ocean acidification impact on foraminifera along a shallow-water CO2 gradient

2015

Ocean acidification causes biodiversity loss, alters ecosystems, and may impact food security, as shells of small organisms dissolve easily in corrosive waters. There is a suggestion that photosynthetic organisms could mitigate ocean acidification on a local scale, through seagrass protection or seaweed cultivation, as net ecosystem organic production raises the saturation state of calcium carbonate making seawater less corrosive. Here, we used a natural gradient in calcium carbonate saturation, caused by shallow-water CO2 seeps in the Mediterranean Sea, to assess whether seaweed that is resistant to acidification (Padina pavonica) could prevent adverse effects of acidification on epiphytic…

Ocean Acidification International Coordination Centre (OA-ICC)TemperateIdentificationSalinityCommunity composition and diversityTriloculinella dilatatainorganicAlkalinityElphidium spMiliolinella sp.Miliolinella subrotundaQuinqueloculina sp.Daitrona spTemperature waterCarbon inorganic dissolvedCalculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al 2010Adelosina longirostraPercentageAragonite saturation stateMiliolinella spRosalina globularisAlkalinity totaltotalElphidium sp.Elphidium crispumCO2 ventElphidium advenumpHTemperaturedissolvedPseudotriloculina spCarbonate ionPartial pressure of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air)Rosalina spQuinqueloculina annectensEarth System ResearchHaynesina depressulaField observationElphidium margaritaceumPotentiometric titrationCalcite saturation statePotentiometricwaterMassilina gualtierianaRocky-shore communitySpiroloculina ornataQuinqueloculina auberianaBenthosDaitrona sp.Pileolina patelliformisOcean Acidification International Coordination Centre OA ICCMediterranean SeaBicarbonate ionCalculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)SpeciesVertebralina striataAffinetrina gualtierianaElphidium macellumCalculated using CO2SYSIndividualsCarbonate system computation flagFugacity of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air)Rosalina sp.CarbonBiomass/Abundance/Elemental compositionBolivina pseudoplicataPartial pressure of carbon dioxide water at sea surface temperature wet airCarbon dioxideQuinqueloculina stelligeraQuinqueloculina spPeneroplis pertususRocky shore communityEntire communityPeneroplis planatusFugacity of carbon dioxide water at sea surface temperature wet airCornuspira involvensBiomass Abundance Elemental compositionCoast and continental shelfLobatula lobatulaQuinqueloculina boscianaPseudotriloculina sp.
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Seawater carbonate chemistry and percentage cover of macroalgal species at three locations at Vulcano, Italy

2017

Beneficial effects of CO2 on photosynthetic organisms will be a key driver of ecosystem change under ocean acidification. Predicting the responses of macroalgal species to ocean acidification is complex, but we demonstrate that the response of assemblages to elevated CO2 are correlated with inorganic carbon physiology. We assessed abundance patterns and a proxy for CO2:HCO3- use (delta 13C values) of macroalgae along a gradient of CO2 at a volcanic seep, and examined how shifts in species abundance at other Mediterranean seeps are related to macroalgal inorganic carbon physiology. Five macroalgal species capable of using both HCO3- and CO2 had greater CO2 use as concentrations increased. Th…

Ocean Acidification International Coordination Centre (OA-ICC)TemperateRegistration number of speciesSalinityCaulerpa proliferaCommunity composition and diversityBicarbonate ion standard deviationUdotea petiolatainorganicAlkalinity total standard deviationAlkalinitySargassum muticumDictyota dichotomaHalopteris scopariaYearsCystoseira brachycarpaExperimentTemperature waterCarbon inorganic dissolvedCystoseira foeniculaceaCaulerpa racemosaCalculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al 2010Cystoseira foeniculataAragonite saturation stateAlkalinity totaltotalCO2 ventpHTemperaturedissolvedCarbonate ionPartial pressure of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air)Acetabularia acetabulumJania rubensCarbon dioxide standard deviationEarth System Researchδ13CLipid contentstandard deviationField observationUniform resource locator link to referenceCystoseira crinitaCoverageCalcite saturation stateLocationwaterSiteRocky-shore communityFigureBenthosUniform resource locator/link to referenceOcean Acidification International Coordination Centre OA ICCMediterranean SeaCarbon inorganic dissolved standard deviationTypeBicarbonate ionDictyopteris polypodioidesDilophus fasciolaCalculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)SpeciesCystoseira compressaEvent labelCarbonate system computation flagpH standard deviationCarbonate ion standard deviationMassFugacity of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air)CarbonOxygenPartial pressure of carbon dioxide water at sea surface temperature wet airCarbon dioxideRocky shore communityEntire communityFugacity of carbon dioxide water at sea surface temperature wet airPadina pavonicaSeasonδ13C standard deviationCoast and continental shelfCodium bursaTableCystoseira barbarta
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Seawater carbonate chemistry and fish communities properties off CO2 seeps in Japan

2020

Ocean acidification will likely change the structure and function of coastal marine ecosystems over coming decades. Volcanic carbon dioxide seeps generate dissolved CO2 and pH gradients that provide realistic insights into the direction and magnitude of these changes. Here, we used fish and benthic community surveys to assess the spatio-temporal dynamics of fish community properties off CO2 seeps in Japan. Adding to previous evidence from ocean acidification ecosystem studies conducted elsewhere, our findings documented shifts from calcified to non-calcified habitats with reduced benthic complexity. In addition, we found that such habitat transition led to decreased diversity of associated …

Ocean Acidification International Coordination Centre (OA-ICC)TemperateSalinityCanopy heightCommunity composition and diversityCoverage standard deviationinorganicAlkalinityExperimentTemperature waterCarbon inorganic dissolvedCalculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al 2010Aragonite saturation stateNorth PacificAlkalinity totaltotalCO2 ventReplicatespHPelagosTemperaturedissolvedCanopy height standard deviationCarbonate ionPartial pressure of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air)Fish standard deviationTemperature water standard deviationEarth System Researchstandard deviationField observationgeographic locationsPotentiometric titrationCoverageCalcite saturation stateLocationPotentiometricwaterPartial pressure of carbon dioxideSiteRocky-shore communityBenthosSpecies richness standard deviationSalinity standard deviationOcean Acidification International Coordination Centre OA ICCBiotic Habitat Profile ratioTypeBicarbonate ionCalculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)Calculated using CO2SYSfungiPartial pressure of carbon dioxide standard deviationCarbonate system computation flagpH standard deviationFugacity of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air)CarbonPartial pressure of carbon dioxide water at sea surface temperature wet airFishTransectCarbon dioxideRocky shore communityEntire communityBiotic Habitat Profile ratio standard deviationFugacity of carbon dioxide water at sea surface temperature wet airSeasonCoast and continental shelfSpecies richness
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Seagrass ecosystem response to long-term high CO2 in a Mediterranean volcanic vent

2014

We examined the long-term effect of naturally acidified water on a Cymodocea nodosa meadow growing at a shallow volcanic CO2 vent in Vulcano Island (Italy). Seagrass and adjacent unvegetated habitats growing at a low pH station (pH = 7.65 ± 0.02) were compared with corresponding habitats at a control station (pH = 8.01 ± 0.01). Density and biomass showed a clear decreasing trend at the low pH station and the below- to above-ground biomass ratio was more than 10 times lower compared to the control. C content and delta 13C of leaves and epiphytes were significantly lower at the low pH station. Photosynthetic activity of C. nodosa was stimulated by low pH as seen by the significant increase in…

Ocean Acidification International Coordination Centre (OA-ICC)TemperateSalinityChlorophyll ainorganicAlkalinityLight saturation point standard errorPhotosynthetic quantum efficiencyMediterranean Sea Acidification in a Changing Climate MedSeATemperature waterCarbon inorganic dissolvedCalculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al 2010IrradianceRespiration rate carbonAragonite saturation stateBiomassAlkalinity totalIrradiance standard errortotalCO2 ventCymodocea nodosapHRespirationEpiphytes loadMaximum photochemical quantum yield of photosystem II standard errorNet community production of carbonTemperaturePartial pressure of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air) standard errordissolvedRespiration rate carbon standard errorCarbonate ionMaximum photochemical quantum yield of photosystem IIPartial pressure of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air)Net community production of carbon standard errorIlluminance standard errorSoft bottom communitystandard errorCarbon inorganic dissolved standard errorRespiration rateElectron transport rate standard errorEarth System Researchδ13CPhotosynthetic quantum efficiency standard errorField observationChlorophyll a standard errorGross primary production of carbonBiomass standard errorCalcium carbonatePotentiometric titrationCalcite saturation stateShoot densityPotentiometricwaterIlluminanceOxygen standard errorBenthosAlkalinity total standard errorMediterranean Sea Acidification in a Changing Climate (MedSeA)Electron transport rateLight saturation pointOcean Acidification International Coordination Centre OA ICCMediterranean SeaGross primary production of carbon standard errorBicarbonate ionSoft-bottom communityδ13C standard errorTemperature water standard errorCalculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)Primary production PhotosynthesisSpeciespH standard errorCarbonate system computation flagloadPrimary production/PhotosynthesisFugacity of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air)CarbonBiomass/Abundance/Elemental compositionTreatmentEpiphytes load standard errorOxygenPartial pressure of carbon dioxide water at sea surface temperature wet airEpiphytes loadCarbon dioxideCarbon standard errorEntire communityFugacity of carbon dioxide water at sea surface temperature wet airGroupBiomass Abundance Elemental compositionCoast and continental shelfEpiphytesShoot density standard errorCalcium carbonate standard error
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Seawater carbonate chemistry and coralline algal diversity

2021

Calcified coralline algae are ecologically important in rocky habitats in the marine photic zone worldwide and there is growing concern that ocean acidification will severely impact them. Laboratory studies of these algae in simulated ocean acidification conditions have revealed wide variability in growth, photosynthesis and calcification responses, making it difficult to assess their future biodiversity, abundance and contribution to ecosystem function. Here, we apply molecular systematic tools to assess the impact of natural gradients in seawater carbonate chemistry on the biodiversity of coralline algae in the Mediterranean and the NW Pacific, link this to their evolutionary history and …

Ocean Acidification International Coordination Centre (OA-ICC)TemperateSalinityCommunity composition and diversityBicarbonate ion standard deviationinorganicAlkalinity total standard deviationAlkalinityExperimentTemperature waterCarbon inorganic dissolvedCalculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al 2010Aragonite saturation stateNorth PacificMarine habitatAlkalinity totaltotalCO2 ventpHTemperaturedissolvedCarbonate ionPartial pressure of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air)Calcium carbonate standard deviationstandard errorEarth System Researchstandard deviationField observationCalcium carbonateCoverageCalcite saturation stateLocationwaterPartial pressure of carbon dioxideSiteRocky-shore communityCalcium carbonate massAragonite saturation state standard deviationBenthosSalinity standard deviationOcean Acidification International Coordination Centre OA ICCMediterranean SeaCarbon inorganic dissolved standard deviationCalcite saturation state standard deviationTypeBicarbonate ionCalculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)Coverage standard errorfungiEvent labelPartial pressure of carbon dioxide standard deviationCarbonate system computation flagpH standard deviationCarbonate ion standard deviationFugacity of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air)CarbonPartial pressure of carbon dioxide water at sea surface temperature wet airCarbon dioxideRocky shore communityEntire communityFugacity of carbon dioxide water at sea surface temperature wet airCoast and continental shelfSpecies richness
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Decline in Coccolithophore Diversity and Impact on Coccolith Morphogenesis Along a Natural CO2 Gradient

2014

A natural pH gradient caused by marine CO2 seeps off Vulcano Island (Italy) was used to assess the effects of ocean acidification on coccolithophores, which are abundant planktonic unicellular calcifiers. Such seeps are used as natural laboratories to study the effects of ocean acidification on marine ecosystems, since they cause long-term changes in seawater carbonate chemistry and pH, exposing the organisms to elevated CO2 concentrations and therefore mimicking future scenarios. Previous work at CO2 seeps has focused exclusively on benthic organisms. Here we show progressive depletion of 27 coccolithophore species, in terms of cell concentrations and diversity, along a calcite saturation …

Ocean Acidification International Coordination Centre (OA-ICC)TemperateSalinityCommunity composition and diversityinorganicAlkalinityCoccospheres malformedMediterranean Sea Acidification in a Changing Climate MedSeATemperature waterCarbon inorganic dissolvedCalculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al 2010Aragonite saturation stateAlkalinity totaltotalCO2 ventpHPelagosTemperaturedissolvedCarbonate ionPartial pressure of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air)Earth System ResearchmalformedField observationPotentiometric titrationCalcite saturation stateCoccospheresPotentiometricwaterGrowth MorphologyMediterranean Sea Acidification in a Changing Climate (MedSeA)Ocean Acidification International Coordination Centre OA ICCMediterranean SeaBicarbonate ionCalculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)Calculated using CO2SYSfungiCarbonate system computation flagCoccospheres corrodedFugacity of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air)CarbonBiomass/Abundance/Elemental compositionPartial pressure of carbon dioxide water at sea surface temperature wet airSample IDCarbon dioxidecorrodedEntire communityGrowth/MorphologyPhytoplanktonFugacity of carbon dioxide water at sea surface temperature wet airBiomass Abundance Elemental compositionCoast and continental shelfNumber of species
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Shallow water marine sediment bacterial community shifts along a natural CO2 gradient in the Mediterranean Sea Off vulcano, Italy

2014

The effects of increasing atmospheric CO(2) on ocean ecosystems are a major environmental concern, as rapid shoaling of the carbonate saturation horizon is exposing vast areas of marine sediments to corrosive waters worldwide. Natural CO(2) gradients off Vulcano, Italy, have revealed profound ecosystem changes along rocky shore habitats as carbonate saturation levels decrease, but no investigations have yet been made of the sedimentary habitat. Here, we sampled the upper 2 cm of volcanic sand in three zones, ambient (median pCO(2) 419 µatm, minimum Omega (arag) 3.77), moderately CO(2)-enriched (median pCO(2) 592 µatm, minimum Omega (arag) 2.96), and highly CO(2)-enriched (median pCO(2) 1611…

Ocean Acidification International Coordination Centre (OA-ICC)TemperateSalinityPotentiometric titrationCalcite saturation stateCommunity composition and diversityPotentiometricinorganicwaterAlkalinitySiteFigureBenthosTemperature waterCarbon inorganic dissolvedAbundanceCalculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al 2010Ocean Acidification International Coordination Centre OA ICCMediterranean SeaBicarbonate ionAragonite saturation stateSoft-bottom communityAlkalinity totalLONGITUDEtotalCalculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)CO2 ventSpeciesShannon Diversity IndexpHCalculated using CO2SYSTemperatureCarbonate system computation flagdissolvedFugacity of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air)Carbonate ionCarbonPartial pressure of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air)Partial pressure of carbon dioxide water at sea surface temperature wet airCarbon dioxideSoft bottom communityEntire communityEarth System ResearchLATITUDEFugacity of carbon dioxide water at sea surface temperature wet airGroupCoast and continental shelfField observationClass
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Gatekeeper of pluripotency: A common Oct4 transcriptional network operates in mouse eggs and embryonic stem cells

2011

Abstract Background Oct4 is a key factor of an expanded transcriptional network (Oct4-TN) that governs pluripotency and self-renewal in embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and in the inner cell mass from which ESCs are derived. A pending question is whether the establishment of the Oct4-TN initiates during oogenesis or after fertilisation. To this regard, recent evidence has shown that Oct4 controls a poorly known Oct4-TN central to the acquisition of the mouse egg developmental competence. The aim of this study was to investigate the identity and extension of this maternal Oct4-TN, as much as whether its presence is circumscribed to the egg or maintained beyond fertilisation. Results By comparing …

Octamer Transcription Factor-3lcsh:QH426-470lcsh:BiotechnologycellsGene regulatory networkDown-RegulationBiologyTranscriptomeMicelcsh:TP248.13-248.65GeneticsInner cell massAnimalsGene Regulatory NetworksEmbryonic Stem Cellsreproductive and urinary physiologyOligonucleotide Array Sequence AnalysisGeneticsGene Expression ProfilingfungiEmbryoEmbryonic stem cellGene expression profilinglcsh:GeneticsMultigene FamilyCancer cellembryonic structuresOocytesFemalebiological phenomena cell phenomena and immunityFunction and Dysfunction of the Nervous SystemOctamer Transcription Factor-3Research ArticleBiotechnologyBMC Genomics
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(2'-5')Oligoadenylate and intracellular immunity against retrovirus infection.

1992

1. 1. The double-stranded RNA-dependent 2′,5′-oligoadenylate (2–5A) synthetase/ribonuclease L (RNase L) system plays an essential role in the establishment of the antiviral state of a cell exposed to virus infection. 2. 2. Until recently, the application of 2–5A derivatives to reinforce this system seemed to be limited mainly due to the low specificity of RNase L for viral RNA. 3. 3. Two new strategies have been developed which yield a selective antiviral effect of 2–5As at least against human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) infection: (i) an “intracellular immunization” appproach using 2-5A synthetase cDNA linked to HIV trans -acting response element (TAR) and (ii) inhibition of retrovira…

OligoribonucleotidesbiologyRNase P2'-5'-OligoadenylateAdenine NucleotidesHIVbiology.organism_classificationVirus ReplicationBiochemistryVirologyMolecular biologyAntiviral AgentsVirusRetrovirusBiochemistryImmunityComplementary DNAbiology.protein2'5'-Oligoadenylate SynthetaseReverse Transcriptase InhibitorsRibonuclease LIntracellularHIV Long Terminal RepeatRetroviridae InfectionsThe International journal of biochemistry
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