Search results for "Vinyl Chloride"

Influences of heat seal lacquer thickness on the quality of blister packages.

2011

A sealability of aluminium lidding foils against formable polymer materials of blister packages is usually achieved by a coating of aluminium with certain grammages of heat seal lacquers. To investigate influences of their thickness on quality of blister packages, lidding foils with different grammages of two lacquer types were manufactured. Sealing experiments (variation of temperature, pressure and sealing time) were performed. Sealed seam strengths were determined with mechanical tensile tests, tightness of cold form blisters were analysed by means of helium leakage tests. Time-dependent moisture uptake of stored blisters was monitored with micro-gas chromatography. By means of a simple …

Quality control of fruit juices by using organic acids determined by capillary zone electrophoresis with poly(vinyl alcohol)-coated bubble cell capil…

2015

An enhanced method for the determination of organic acids in several fruit juices by capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) with direct UV-Vis detection has been developed in this work. First, a study with simulated real juice samples was done to find the best separation conditions. Next, several commercial fruit juices were analyzed, and the organic acid contents were quantified in less than 12 min using a poly(vinyl alcohol)-coated fused-silica 'bubble cell' capillary. The present method is reliable, fast and provides detection limits comprised between 0.1 and 2.5 μg mL(-1). Moreover, different chemometric techniques, based on CZE data, were examined. Linear discriminant analysis allowed th…

Chemical composition and particle size influence the toxicity of nanoscale plastic debris and their co-occurring benzo(α)pyrene in the model aquatic …

2021

Little is known about how particle chemical composition and size might influence the toxicity of nanoscale plastic debris (NPD) and their co-occurring chemicals. Herein, we investigate the toxicity of 3 × 1010 particles/L polyethylene (PE, 50 nm), polypropylene (PP, 50 nm), polystyrene (PS, 200 and 600 nm), and polyvinyl chloride (PVC, 200 nm) NPD and their co-occurring benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) to Daphnia magna and Danio rerio. During the 21 days of exposure to PE 50 nm and PS 200 nm, the number of broods produced by D. magna decreased compared to other treatments. Exposure to BaP alone did not produce any effects on the reproduction of the daphnids, however, the mixture of BaP with PS (200 or …

Biological tolerance of different materials in bulk and nanoparticulate form in a rat model: sarcoma development by nanoparticles

2006

In order to study the pathobiological impact of the nanometre-scale of materials, we evaluated the effects of five different materials as nanoparticulate biomaterials in comparison with bulk samples in contact with living tissues. Five groups out of 10 rats were implanted bilaterally for up to 12 months with materials of the same type, namely TiO 2 , SiO 2 , Ni, Co and polyvinyl chloride (PVC), subcutaneously with bulk material on one side of the vertebral column and intramuscularly with nanoparticulate material on the contralateral side. At the end of each implantation time, the site was macroscopically examined, followed by histological processing according to standard techniques. Malign…

Characteristics of haloethylene-induced acetonemia in rats.

1980

A series of halogenated ethylenes (vinyl chloride, vinylidene fluoride,cis- andtrans-1,2-dichloroethylene, perchloroethylene) induces increased acetone exhalation in rats. Exposures of differently pre-treated rats to vinylidene fluoride suggest that a metabolite of the haloethylene must be envolved in eliciting this formation of acetone. This conclusion is based on (a) dependence of acetone exhalation on the concentration of vinylidene fluoride, (b) effect of inducing agents, (c) effect of pyrazol, a metabolic inhibitor, (d) effect of cysteine, (e) effect of hypoxia and (f) the time course of acetone exhalation.

Long-term stability study of clofarabine injection concentrate and diluted clofarabine infusion solutions

2011

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the physicochemical stability of clofarabine (CAFdA) injection concentrate and ready-to-use CAFdA infusion solutions over a prolonged period of 28 days. Methods: To determine the stability of CAFdA infusion solutions, the injection concentrate (Evoltra®, 1 mg/mL, Genzyme) was diluted either with 0.9% sodium chloride or 5% glucose infusion solution. The resulting concentrations of 0.2 mg/mL or 0.6 mg/mL, respectively, were chosen to represent the lower and upper limit of the ordinary concentration range. Test solutions were stored under refrigeration (2–8°C) or at room temperature either light protected or exposed to light. CAFdA concentrati…

PVC silver zeolite composites with antimicrobial properties

2011

Poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) composites containing increasing amounts (2-20%, w/w) of silver zeolite (SZ) were prepared by melt mixing and characterized by thermal, mechanical and rheological analyses. The addition of large amount of SZ did not influence the processability and the formability of the composites, if compared to neat plasticized PVC. The antibacterial activity of PVC SZ composites was tested on Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus epidermidis and resulted promising both in culture broth and on agar plate and also in sterile urine seeded with these strains, for simulation purposes. In sterile urine, composites induced a significant reduction (4-6 log units) of viability of both st…

Cell Adhesive and Antifouling Polyvinyl Chloride Surfaces Via Wet Chemical Modification

2012

Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is one of the most frequently used polymers for the manufacturing of medical devices. Limitations for its usage are based upon unfavorable surface properties of the polymer including its hydrophobicity and lack of functionalities in order to increase its versatility. To address this issue, wet chemical modification of PVC was performed through surface amination using the bifunctional compound ethylene diamine. The reaction was conducted in order to achieve maximum surface amination while leaving the bulk material unaffected. The initial activation step was characterized by means of various methods including contact angle measurements, colorimetric amine quantificati…

1984

Provided a polymer is soluble, i. e., molecularly dispersed in another polymer irrespective of the molecular weight of the components, the solution is exothermic. By increasing the temperature two effects, both unfavourable to mixing become larger: (i) the excess entropy of mixing caused by contact interaction and (ii) the total effect from the difference of the free volumes of the pure components. So, an upper miscibility gap occurs. The thermodynamic properties of the mixture cannot be derived from the properties of the pure components. They can be described by the corresponding states theory of Prigogine, Flory, and Patterson with suitable values for the contact energy and contact entrop…

Reprocessing of Poly(Vinyl Chloride), Polycarbonate and Polyethyleneterephthalate

1998

Poly ethyleneterephthalate — PET- and Poly(vinyl chloride) — PVC — are two of the most frequently encountered polymers in post-consumer plastics. In particular, these polymers can be used for manufacturing the same products (bottles, for example) and therefore are often found in the same stream, even when the collection is done with separation. The recycling of PET and PVC is usually carried out by separating them and reprocessing the two homogeneous polymers. Indeed, the heterogeneous recycling of two polymers is at present almost impossible because of many problems: as their melting points are very different, at the processing temperature of PET severe degradation phenomena of PVC take pl…