Search results for "betaine"
showing 10 items of 46 documents
Mildronate treatment improves functional recovery following middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats
2011
Mildronate (3-(2,2,2-trimethylhydrazinium) propionate) is an inhibitor of l-carnitine biosynthesis and an anti-ischemic drug. In the present study, we investigated the effects of mildronate in rats following focal cerebral ischemia. Male Wistar rats were subjected to transient occlusion of the middle cerebral artery (MCAO) for 90min, followed by the intraperitoneal administration of mildronate at doses of 100 and 200mg/kg 2h after reperfusion and then daily for an additional 14days. The beam-walking, rota-rod and cylinder tests were used to assess sensorimotor function, and vibrissae-evoked forelimb-placing and limb-placing tests examined responses to tactile and proprioceptive stimulation.…
Crystal and molecular structure of anhydrous betaine, (CH3)3NCH2CO2
1999
Abstract 1–Carboxy–N,N,N–trimethylmethanamanium inner salt or anhydrous betaine, (CH3)3NCH2CO2, FW=117.15 gmol −1 , crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Pnma with a=14.544(2) A , b=6.859(3) A , c=6.131(1) A , V=611.7(3) A 3 , Z=4, D x =1.27 Mgm −3 , λ (MoK α )=0.71073 A , μ =0.091 mm −1 . The structure was resolved by direct methods and refined by least-square calculations to R=0.038 for 531 reflections. Observed changes in bond angles imply that there is a repulsion between nitrogen and oxygen. The melting point (measured at onset) is 570 K. FTIR spectra of anhydrous betaine and monohydrate were recorded. Clear differences were found between the two compounds based on infrared (i.r…
Why betaine crystallizes in high local C s symmetry. An ab initio MO and DFT study of anhydrous betaine and betaine monohydrate
1999
A theoretical study of the structure, charge distribution, rotational barrier and fundamental vibrations of anhydrous betaine (CH3)3NCH2COO (trimethylglycine) was carried out and compared with available experimental data. Calculations were carried out at HF, MP2 and B3LYP levels using a 6-31+G(d,p) basis set. The calculated rotational barrier of the betaine carboxylic group is 40.5 kJ/mol at the MP4(SDQ)/6-311G(d,p)//HF/6-31+G(d,p) level of theory. The rotation of the carboxylic group changes the molecule from a highly symmetric (C s ) conformation into a twisted conformation resulting in shortening of the molecule by about 50 pm. Natural population analysis (NPA) indicates intramolecular i…
Crystal structure of human gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase.
2010
Gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase (GBBH) is a 2-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase that catalyzes the biosynthesis of l-carnitine by hydroxylation of gamma-butyrobetaine (GBB). l-carnitine is required for the transport of long-chain fatty acids into mitochondria for generating metabolic energy. The only known synthetic inhibitor of GBBH is mildronate (3-(2,2,2-trimethylhydrazinium) propionate dihydrate), which is a non-hydroxylatable analog of GBB. To aid in the discovery of novel GBBH inhibitors by rational drug design, we have solved the three-dimensional structure of recombinant human GBBH at 2.0A resolution. The GBBH monomer consists of a catalytic double-stranded beta-helix (DBSH) domai…
Exposure and risk assessment to arsenic species in Spanish children using biomonitoring
2018
We present a new approach to arsenic (As) risk assessment using biomonitoring. In this pilot study we determined the levels of total and speciated urinary arsenicin 109 Spanish school children aged between 6 and 11 years, and interpreted these concentrations in a risk assessment context. The geometric mean (GM) for total As (TAs) was 33.82 mu/L. The order of occurrence and average concentrations of the different species was arsenobetaine (AsB) (100%, 15 mu g/L), dimethylarsinic (DMA) (97%, 8.32 mu g/L), monomethylarsonic (MMA) (26%, 027 mu g/L) and inorganic As (iAs) (4%, 0.14 mu g/L). 18% of children presented exposures to inorganic arsenic (7.52 mu g/g creatinine) higher than guidance val…
Langmuir-Blodgett films of indandione-1,3 pyridinium betaine. III: Linear dichroism and non-linear optical properties
1996
Linear dichroism and second-harmonic generation (SHG) have been measured in Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) multilayers of Z-type structure of amphiphilic indandione-1,3 pyridinium betaine (IPB) with an aliphatic tail containing 17 carbon atoms (C171PB). The dichr
Effects of foliar application of glycine betaine and chitosan on Puccinellia distans (Jacq.) Pari, subjected to salt stress.
2019
Introduction:Using brackish water for irrigation may expose turfgrasses to salinity stress.Employing the best treatments to maintain high-quality turfs under saline conditions is animportant requirement for turfgrass management.Methods:We tested the response of ahalophyte grass,Puccinellia distans, to irrigation with saline solutions and to foliarapplication of two osmoprotectants, such as glycine betaine (GB) or chitosan (CH). Plantswere grown in pots under controlled conditions and irrigated with 200 mM or 600 mM ofNaCl solutions. The response to salinity treatments and osmoprotectant application wasevaluated after 90 days by measuring leaffiring, leaf density, shoot length and biomass, r…
Effectiveness of glycinebetaine foliar application in relieving salt stress symptoms in two turf-grasses
2014
Salinity is one of the problems that has to be dealt with in turf-grass management, due both to restrictions in freshwater use for landscape irrigation and exposition to salt stress in coastal areas. This has led to the need to select salinity tolerant genotypes and test management practices, such as the application of osmoprotectants, in order to maintain turf quality at acceptable costs. We compared the effects of irrigation with 600 mM NaCl and glycinebetaine (GB) application for 8 weeks on pot-grown weeping alkaligrass (Puccinellia distans (L.) Parl.) and tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.). We selected two easily assessable parameters, total clippings fresh weight and chlorophyll…
Reduced mRNA abundance of the main enzymes involved in methionine metabolism in human liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma
2000
Abstract Background/Aims: It has been known for at least 50 years that alterations in methionine metabolism occur in human liver cirrhosis. However, the molecular basis of this alteration is not completely understood. In order to gain more insight into the mechanisms behind this condition, mRNA levels of methionine adenosyltransferase ( MAT1A ), glycine methyltransferase ( GNMT ), methionine synthase ( MS ), betaine homocysteine methyltransferase ( BHMT ) and cystathionine β-synthase ( CBS ) were examined in 26 cirrhotic livers, five hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tissues and ten control livers. Methods: The expression of the above-mentioned genes was determined by quantitative RT-PCR analy…
Molecular cloning and characterization of the cDNA encoding the rat liver gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase
1999
Carnitine biosynthesis from lysine and methionine involves five enzymatic reactions. gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase (BBH; EC 1.14. 11.1) is the last enzyme of this pathway. It catalyzes the reaction of hydroxylation of gamma-butyrobetaine to carnitine. The cDNA encoding this enzyme has been isolated and characterized. The cDNA contained an open reading frame of 1161 bp encoding a protein of 387 amino acids with a deduced molecular weight of 44.5 kDa. The sequence of the cDNA showed an important homology with the human cDNA recently isolated. Northern analysis showed gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase expression in the liver and in some extend in the testis and the epididymis. During this stud…