Search results for "condensation"
showing 10 items of 468 documents
Cross-Metathesis Reactions as an Efficient Tool in the Synthesis of Fluorinated Cyclic β-Amino Acids
2009
The synthesis of enantiomerically pure, cyclic, gamma,gamma-difluorinated beta-amino acids with various ring sizes has been carried out with a cross-metathesis (CM) reaction being one of the key steps, followed by a Dieckmann-type condensation to bring about the cyclization. Subsequent catalytic hydrogenation under microwave irradiation with (-)-8-phenylmenthol as a chiral auxiliary led to the successful chemo- and diastereoselective chemical reduction of the resulting cyclic beta-enamino esters. The efficiency and scope of the CM reaction with different types of fluorinated imidoyl chlorides and unsaturated esters has also been studied in order to determine the optimal reaction conditions …
High-resolution pyrolysis–gas chromatography with a movable reaction zone
1997
Abstract A new device was constructed for pyrolysis–gas chromatography and it was laboratory tested. The device enables the thermal degradation of polymers inside a capillary pre-column and transfer of the reaction zone into a column oven. The pyrolysis procedure described protects the thermally sensitive compounds prior to pyrolysis, prevents the process of irreversible condensation of high-boiling pyrolysis products during the chromatographic process and eliminates extracolumn effects on the peak broadening.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Areno-Condensed [24]Annulenes.
2010
[24]Annulenes condensed with three phenanthrene units (11a−d) or with three chrysene ring systems (22) were prepared by multi-step syntheses. The cyclic condensation reaction in the final step led to highly symmetrical compounds. Long flexible alkoxy groups attached to the periphery enhance the solubility and give rise to a strong aggregation of the molecules which was observed in solution by NMR and fluorescence excitation spectroscopy, and in the pure state by the detection of liquid crystalline phases in differential scanning calorimetry and polarization microscopy.
Titration of poly(dA-dT) · poly(dA-dT) in solution at variable NaCl concentration
2004
CD and uv absorption data showed that high molecular weight poly(dA-dT) . poly(dA-dT), at 298 K, undergoes an acid-induced transition from B-double helix to random coil in NaCl solutions of different concentrations, ranging from 0.005 to 0.600M. Similarly, titration of the polynucleotide with a strong base causes duplex-to-single strands transition. The base- and acid-induced transitions were both reversible by back-titration (with an acid or, respectively, with a base): the apparent pKa were the same in both directions. However, the number of protons per titratable site (adenine N1) required to reach half-denaturation was in great excess over the stoichiometric value; to a much larger exte…
Linear relationship between effective radius and precipitation water content near the top of convective clouds
2021
Quantifying the precipitation within clouds is a crucial challenge to improve our current understanding of the Earth’s hydrological cycle. We have investigated the relationship between the effective radius of droplets and ice particles (re) and precipitation water content (PWC) measured by cloud probes near the top of growing convective cumuli. The data for this study were collected by aircraft measurements in clean and polluted conditions over the Amazon Basin and over the western tropical Atlantic in September 2014. Our results indicate a threshold of re ∼ 13 μm for warm rain initiation in convective clouds, which is in agreement with previous studies. In…
Unambiguous structure elucidation of heterocyclic products from condensation-cyclisation reactions of enaminones by 2D INADEQUATE and 15 N NMR
2012
The reaction of enaminones with 3-amino-2-cyanopent-2-enedinitrile can lead to an array of 12 possible products, depending on the reaction pathway and tautomerization. The use of 2D INADEQUATE and 15N NMR for the unambiguous structure elucidation of the reaction products is discussed in this manuscript. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Protein data condensation for effective quaternary structure classification
2007
Many proteins are composed of two or more subunits, each associated with different polypeptide chains. The number and the arrangement of subunits forming a protein are referred to as quaternary structure. The quaternary structure of a protein is important, since it characterizes the biological function of the protein when it is involved in specific biological processes. Unfortunately, quaternary structures are not trivially deducible from protein amino acid sequences. In this work, we propose a protein quaternary structure classification method exploiting the functional domain composition of proteins. It is based on a nearest neighbor condensation technique in order to reduce both the porti…
Oligo(phenylenevinylene)s with reactive side chains: amine- and amide-bound alkoxysilanes
2002
Strongly luminescent oligo(phenylenevinylene) chromophores with monodisperse chain lengths are connected via short spacers containing a secondary amine or amide with di- and tri-ethoxysilane groups. The alkoxysilanes can be hydrolysed and condensed to cyclic and linear oligomers with high film forming capability and are also interesting functional units for hybrid materials for electro-optical applications. The luminescence properties in the solid state are influenced by hydrogen bonding of the amides resulting in strong hypsochromic shifts. The synthesis of the title compounds, their oligomerisation and the electronic spectra in the solution and solid state are presented.
Die polykondensation des p-kresoldialkohols
1952
Die Polykondensation (Hartung) des p-Kresoldialkohols, die in Platin- oder Silbergeraten ausgefuhrt wird, zeigt ubereinstimmenden Verlauf und ist abhangig von der Reinheit des p-Kresoldialkohols. Die Geschwindigkeit der Kondensation ist verschieden unter Luft und Stickstoff. Ebenso zeigt das Volumen der Schmelze bzw. deren Schichthohe einen Einflus auf die Hartungsgeschwindigkeit. Verfolgt man die Kondensation durch den Gewichtsverlust (in Verbindung mit Formaldehydbestimmungen), so ist die Trocknung der Kondensate besonders zu beachten; der Trocknungsverlust nach der Kondensation kann den Gewichtsverlust unmittelbar nach der Hartung erreichen. Bei Einhalten der angegebenen Kondensationsbed…
Torque rheometry investigation of model transreactions involving condensation polymers: I. Polyesters
2005
The chemical transformations taking place when poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) or poly(ethylene naphthalate) (PEN) are blended in the melt with different low molar mass substances containing hydroxyl, carboxyl, or amine functional groups have been investigated as models of the transreactions, undergone by the polyesters in reactive blending operations. The polyester molecular weight changes caused by the alcoholysis, acidolysis, aminolysis, and esterolysis reactions have been monitored by torque-rheometry, using a Brabender Plasticorder static mixer. The degradation of the polyesters by hydrolysis was also studied, under similar conditions, by the addition of a water-releasing substance …