Search results for "european Union"
showing 10 items of 1380 documents
Ideology, Nationalism and Law: Legal Tools for an Ideological Machinery in Latvia
2016
For around 25 years Latvia has moved further and further away from Soviet Marxism-Leninist state ideology and has successfully re-integrated with European legal culture. It is obvious that the term ‘ideology’, due to its historical Soviet context, has a mostly negative colouring even nowadays. Integration within the European Union and the implementation of social and political programs and concepts have led to questions raised about leading contemporary ideology (ies) and its (their) role in the development of Latvia’s legal system. The issue of ideologies becomes more complicated and unclear when regarding specific legal reforms or Parliament`s drafts of laws. The article will explore the …
From ‘Awkward Partner’ to ‘Awkward Partnership’? Explaining Norway’s Paradoxical Relations with the European Union
2017
Norway is the only Nordic state to have rejected membership of the European Union four times. Applying the conceptual lens of ‘awkwardness’, as developed by Murray et al. (2014), it seems fair to consider the country as an awkward partner in the process of European integration. As a member of the European Economic Area (EEA), however, Norway has been tightly associated with the European Union ever since 1994, actively participating in a large number of EU policies and programs and effectively forging a close partnership that has in itself become increasingly ‘awkward’. This holds true despite the fact that successive Norwegian governments have recently started to embrace a generally more re…
European Union Crisis: An Introduction
2020
What is the impact of crisis on European Union (EU) integration? This chapter unpacks the concept of crisis and ways to conceptualize it. We outline three conceptual scenarios on the EU’s putative response to crisis and subsequently apply them in all chapters of the volume. The chapter sums up the key findings from different parts of the Handbook on the impact of crisis on EU policies and institutions, as well as the applicability of existing theories. The volume finds overall that the EU has been surprisingly resilient in the face of crises due to its ability to adapt and absorb, and if necessary, change, in response to crisis. The chapter also discusses the EU’s responses to democratic ch…
Sexual Exploitation from Origin Countries to Destination Countries
2020
Human trafficking tends to follow a pattern of phases, such as recruitment, transfer, exploitation, protection, and sometimes re-trafficking. This chapter gives the opportunity for the reader to understand the influence of several factors within human trafficking at a geographical level, from the origin and transit country to the destination country, as well as at a cultural, social, and criminological level. All factors are considered according to victim nationality, in this case Romanian and Nigerian, including the vulnerable factors created by the criminal groups. In this chapter, the difference of citizenship between Nigerian women, who are third-country nationals, and Romanian women, w…
Conflicts and Reconciliation in the Postmillennial Heritage-Policy Discourses of the Council of Europe and the European Union
2019
AbstractLähdesmäki analyses the heritage-policy discourses of the EU and the Council of Europe. She particularly discusses how these institutions deal with the challenges the idea of heritage faces in today’s Europe and the opportunities that these may present to respond to these challenges. The analysis shows how the EU and the Council of Europe seek to reconcile heritage-related conflicts by approaching heritage as a space for civil participation, interaction, intercultural dialogue, and conversation about divergent values and narrations of the past. However, their policy discourses often relay on a static and materialist notion of heritage. This kind of discourse maintains geographical, …
Do key audit matters (KAMs) matter? : Auditors’ perceptions of KAMs and audit quality in Finland
2021
Purpose Key audit matters (KAMs) in International Standard for Auditing, 701 seek to enhance the value of the auditor’s report by increasing the transparency of how the audit was performed. The purpose of this study is to investigate how professional auditors themselves perceive the impact of KAMs on audit quality and audit effectiveness. Design/methodology/approach Statistical analyses of an electronic survey of certified public auditors (CPAs) in Finland. Findings Regarding the perceptions of KAMs, the authors found two dominant views on auditing: quality and efficiency. In general, the respondents did not consider that KAMs improve audit quality. However, auditors focusing on efficiency…
Procedural aspects of the organization of the comprehensive European Board of Ophthalmology Diploma examination.
2016
International audience; The comprehensive European Board of Ophthalmology Diploma (EBOD) examination is one of 38 European medical specialty examinations. This review aims at disclosing the specific procedures and content of the EBOD examination. It is a descriptive study summarizing the present organization of the EBOD examination. It is the 3rd largest European postgraduate medical assessment after anaesthesiology and cardiology. The master language is English for the Part 1 written test (knowledge test with 52 modified type X multiple-choice questions) (in the past the written test was also available in French and German). Ophthalmology training of minimum 4 years in a full or associated…
Centenarians overexpress BCL-xL, which confers them a protection against apoptosis, oxidative stress and immunosenescence
2015
Centenarians not only have an extraordinary longevity, but also show a compression of morbidity. They preserve the capacity of maintaining homeostasis, and this is the reason for them to reach such a long life. We studied their mRNA expression profile and identified 1721 mRNAs differentially expressed by centenarians when compared with septuagenarians and young people. A sub-network analysis showed six common genes: interferon, T-cell receptor, tumor necrosis factor, SP1 transcription factor, transforming growth factor and IL-32.These six centenarian-specific genes are related to Bcl-xL, Fas, and Fas ligand all of them involved in the control of apoptosis. RT-PCR analysis confirmed that cen…
Traditional Chinese medicine research in the post-genomic era: good practice, priorities, challenges and opportunities.
2012
Abstract Background and aims GP-TCM is the 1st EU-funded Coordination Action consortium dedicated to traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) research. This paper aims to summarise the objectives, structure and activities of the consortium and introduces the position of the consortium regarding good practice, priorities, challenges and opportunities in TCM research. Serving as the introductory paper for the GP-TCM Journal of Ethnopharmacology special issue, this paper describes the roadmap of this special issue and reports how the main outputs of the ten GP-TCM work packages are integrated, and have led to consortium-wide conclusions. Materials and methods Literature studies, opinion polls and di…