Search results for "evolutionary"
showing 10 items of 4392 documents
A population genetics view of animal domestication
2012
The fundamental shift associated with the domestication of plants and animals allowed for a dramatic increase in human population sizes and the emergence of modern society. Despite its importance and the decades of research devoted to studying it, questions regarding the origins and processes of domestication remain. Here, we review recent theoretical advances and present a perspective that underscores the crucial role that population admixture has played in influencing the genomes of domestic animals over the past 10000 years. We then discuss novel approaches to generating and analysing genetic data, emphasising the importance of an explicit hypothesis-testing approach for the inference of…
Multi-modal search for multiobjective optimization: an application to optimal smart grids management
2012
This paper studies the possibility to use efficient multimodal optimizers for multi-objective optimization. In this paper, the application area considered for such new approach is the optimal dispatch of energy sources in smart microgrids. The problem indeed shows a non uniform Pareto front and requires efficient optimal search methods. The idea is to exploit the potential of agents in population-based heuristics to improve diversity in the Pareto front, where solutions show the same rank and are thus equally weighted. Since Pareto dominance is at the basis of the theory of multi-objective optimization, most algorithms show the non dominance ranking as quality indicator, with some problem i…
Selection on life-history traits and genetic population divergence in rotifers
2009
A combination of founder effects and local adaptation – the Monopolization hypothesis – has been proposed to reconcile the strong population differentiation of zooplankton dwelling in ponds and lakes and their high dispersal abilities. The role genetic drift plays in genetic differentiation of zooplankton is well documented, but the impact of natural selection has received less attention. Here, we compare differentiation in neutral genetic markers (FST) and in quantitative traits (QST) in six natural populations of the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis to assess the importance of natural selection in explaining genetic differentiation of life-history traits. Five life-history traits were measur…
Allozyme variation in populations of scallops, Pecten jacobaeus (L.) and P. maximus (L.) (Bivalvia: Pectinidae), across the Almeria–Oran front
2002
Abstract The scallops Pecten jacobaeus and P. maximus have been traditionally considered as different species which shared a common ancestor some 5 Ma ago. This view has been challenged by recent reports of genetic distances based on allozymes and mitochondrial DNA which are incompatible with such a long period of isolation and are more typical of conspecific populations. To explain the slight allozyme differentiation opposed to a clear morphological distinctiveness, two main hypotheses have been proposed. One hypothesis views interpopulation allozyme differentiation as an outcome of simple population genetic processes such isolation by distance. The other considers that the intertaxa alloz…
The phylogeny and biogeography of Gentiana L. sect. Ciminalis (Adans.) Dumort.: A historical interpretation of distribution ranges in the European hi…
1998
Abstract Gentiana sect. Ciminalis consists of seven mostly ecologically or geographically vicariant and closely related species which are distributed throughout the South and Central European high mountains. The analysis of a RAPD data set and trn L-intron and ITS sequences resulted in slightly different phylogenetic hypotheses. In the preferred hypothesis the group consists of two completely resolved main lineages: 1) G. clusii and G. alpina. 2) G. dinarica, G. acaulis, G. ligustica, G. angustifolia and G. occidentalis. The most important conclusions we have drawn from this phylogenetic hypothesis and from the observed patterns of molecular variation are: 1) The calcifuge ecology of G. aca…
The significance of relatedness and gene flow on population genetic structure in the subsocial spider Eresus cinnaberinus (Araneae: Eresidae)
1998
Interdemic selection, inbreeding and highly structured populations have been invoked to explain the evolution of cooperative social behaviour in the otherwise solitary and cannibalistic spiders. The family Eresidae consists of species ranging from solitary and intermediate subsocial to species exhibiting fully cooperative social behaviour. In this study we, in a hierarchical analysis, investigated relatedness of putative family clusters, inbreeding and population genetic structure of the subsocial spider Eresus cinnaberinus. Five hierarchical levels of investigation ranging from large scale genetic structure (distances of 250 and 50 km level 1 and 2) over microgeographic structure (20 km 2 …
Evolution of impatience: The example of the Farmer-Sheriff game
2015
The literature on the evolution of impatience, focusing on one-person decision problems, often finds that evolutionary forces favor the more patient individuals. This paper shows that in games where equilibrium involves threat of punishment there are forces generating an evolutionary advantage to the impatient. In particular, it offers a two-population example where evolutionary forces favor impatience in one group while favoring patience in the other. Moreover, efficiency may also favor impatient individuals. In our example, it is efficient for one population to evolve impatience and for the other to develop patience. Yet, evolutionary forces move the opposite direction. Fil: Levine, David…
The Population Genomics of Anopheles gambiae Species Complex: Progress and Prospects
2021
Anopheles gambiae sensu lato is a species complex containing principal malaria vectors such as An. gambiae sensu stricto, An. coluzzii, and An. arabiensis. Numerous studies have shown dynamic species hybridization among member of this complex makes them an ideal model for studying evolution and speciation as well as for applied vector biology. Applying a population genomics approach to the An. gambiae and An. coluzzii species group has led to a number of important and epidemiologically relevant insights including: (1) organization of genomic divergence into “islands of speciation”; (2) competing models of population origin of An. gambiae and An. Coluzzii; (3) description of asymmetric intro…
Sperm kinematics and morphometric subpopulations analysis with CASA systems: a review
2019
Sperm kinematics and morphometric subpopulations analysis with CASA systems: a review. The subjective evaluation of seminal quality has given way to the use of objective assessment techniques by CASA technology (computer-assisted semen analysis). The application of principal components (PC) and clustering methods to reveal subpopulations of spermatozoa is a powerful tool to evaluate raw semen and processed cell suspensions, but not many researchers are aware of the technique. PC analysis is a multivariate statistical method that reduces the number of variables used in subsequent calculations used to describe the data. By integrating the original variables according to their coherence in a d…
Connections with Other Population-Based Approaches
2003
Throughout this book, we have established that scatter search (SS) belongs to the family of population-based metaheuristics. This family also includes the well-known evolutionary algorithms and the approach known as path relinking.