Search results for "force"

Le syndicalisme révolutionnaire à Force ouvrière, de sa création aux années 20

2013

A Comparative Study on the Implementation of the Free Movement Directive: Transposition, Application and Enforcement in Belgium, Italy and the UK Com…

The Free Movement Directive is the key EU legal instrument that regulates the free movement of persons within the thirty-one countries that make up the European Economic Area. Implementation of Directive 2004/38 by the Member States has been far from satisfactory and the Commission has deplored the fact that not a single Member State had been able to implement the Directive correctly. The enforcement action that the Commission has so far taken does not appear to have necessarily been linked to how well transposition complies with the Directive in individual Member States. In other words, the way in which the Directive has been written into national law does not seem to be the only factor th…

STRUCTURE, ENVELOPE AND TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION The reinforced concrete in the construction of very tall buildings

2014

Until the second half of the nineteenth century, ie until the Industrial Revolution, the building structures played static function and also protective function. In the course of time separating the combination goes. The introduction of iron leads to a progressive "innovation" of building structures. The first application of iron in construction dates back to the mid-nineteenth century. They were first made with cast-iron columns and beams in iron and later with particular types of steel. The architecture of the iron is a true regeneration of the way of building, the cities are filled with sophisticated solid structures and slim at the same time, it enhances the transparency of glass, it in…

Kilka uwag o alkoholu i tytoniu w życiu żołnierzy polskich w XVII w. i w pierwszej połowie XVIII w

2017

For centuries alcohol had constituted a key component of soldiers’ diet. As early as in ancient times, health benefits of wine and its impact on human body were appreciated, foremostly its germicidal properties. Probably alcohol was popular among soldier of the first Piasts or knight of the time of regional disintegration, time of king Władysław 1 the Elbow-high, Casimir the Great or kings of the Jagiellonian dynasty. It may be presumed that the former only drank beer, however, knights in XIV-XV treated it as a common everyday beverage, relishing wine for special occassions and during feasts. In XVI century the list of alcoholic beverages was enriched by vodka - aqua vitae. In the first hal…

Asymmetric synthesis of functionalized tetrahydrofluorenones via an NHC-catalyzed homoenolate Michael addition

2018

The first example of an N-heterocyclic carbene-catalyzed asymmetric desymmetrization of enal-tethered cyclohexadienones via an intramolecular homoenolate Michael addition/esterification reaction is described. This new protocol offers a direct entry to various functionalized tetrahydrofluorenones with three contiguous stereocenters in high yields, good diastereoselectivities and excellent enantioselectivities.

A study of the atmospherically important reactions between dimethyl selenide (DMSe) and molecular halogens (X2 = Cl2, Br2, and I2) with ab initio cal…

2012

The atmospherically relevant reactions between dimethyl selenide (DMSe) and the molecular halogens (X(2) = Cl(2), Br(2), and I(2)) have been studied with ab initio calculations at the MP2/aug-cc-pVDZ level of theory. Geometry optimization calculations showed that the reactions proceed from the reagents to the products (CH(3)SeCH(2)X + HX) via three minima, a van der Waals adduct (DMSe:X(2)), a covalently bound intermediate (DMSeX(2)), and a product-like complex (CH(3)SeCH(2)X:HX). The computed potential energy surfaces are used to predict what molecular species are likely to be observed in spectroscopic experiments such as gas-phase photoelectron spectroscopy and infrared matrix isolation s…

Kaon-proton strong interaction at low relative momentum via femtoscopy in Pb-Pb collisions at the LHC

2021

Physics letters / B 822, 136708 (2021). doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2021.136708

Changes in surface stress, morphology and chemical composition of silica and silicon nitride surfaces during the etching by gaseous HF acid

2007

International audience; HF acid attack of SiO2 and Si3N4 substrates is analyzed to improve the sensitivity of a sensor based on inicrocantilever. Ex situ analysis of the etching using XPS, SIMS and AFM show significant changes in the anisotropy and the rate of the etching of the oxides on SiO2 and Si3N4 surface. Those differences influence the kinetic evolution of the plastic bending deflection of the cantilever coated with SiO2 and Si3N4 layer, respectively. The linear dependence between the HF concentration and the Si3N4 cantilever bending corresponds to a deep attack of the layer whereas the nonlinear behavior observed for SiO2 layer can be explained by a combination of deep and lateral …

Carbon Dots Dispersed on Graphene/SiO2/Si: A Morphological Study

2019

Low-dimensional carbon materials occupy a relevant role in the field of nanotechnology. Herein, the authors report a study conducted by atomic force microscopy and Raman spectroscopy on the deposition of carbon dots onto graphene surfaces. The study aims at understanding if and how the morphology and the microstructure of chemical vapor deposited graphene on Si/SiO2 may change due to the interaction with the carbon dots. Potential alteration in the graphene's electrical properties might be detrimental for optoelectronic applications. The deposition of carbon dots dispersed in water and ethanol solvents are explored to investigate the effect of solvents with different fluidic properties. The…

Force measurements and tip shape approximation with the atomic force microscope

2011

The Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) is an instrument with huge impact on modern research in the nanosciences and in nanotechnology. In AFM, a tip which is sharp on a scale of nanometers or tens of nanometers, is scanning along the surface which is imaged. A few among the large numbers of factors that potentially affect the interaction between the tip and the surface were studied in the experimental work that form this Thesis. Friction and elasticity measurements with AFM and the approximation of the tip shape are discussed. Also the contribution of the imaging environment is studied. A commercial AFM was modified into a so called environmental-AFM (env- AFM) , where the imaging conditions, su…