Search results for "gènes"
showing 10 items of 66 documents
Influence de différentes pratiques agricoles sur la qualité et la santé des sols : étude de cas sur des vergers slovènes irrigués ou en agriculture b…
2011
Underestimation of soil properties and poor understanding of soil conditions can have many negative consequences, which results in quality or quantity of yield, soil degradation or even environmental pollution. According to importance of agricultural practices, our study focused on their impact on soil quality and health. The research took place from November 2003 to October 2007 in apple orchards in north-eastern Slovenia where two frequent agricultural practices were investigated: (i) drip irrigation on Calcaric Cambisol and its effects on structural stability and microbial biomass at Gačnik experimental station and (ii) combination of organic fertiliser (Campo guano) and liming in organi…
Le génome de Botrytis décrypté
2012
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Méthode simple pour évaluer le potentiel endomycorhizogène d’un inoculum
2010
National audience; Les champignons mycorhizogènes à arbuscules (MA), forment une association mutualiste avec la plupart des plantes terrestres. Ils favorisent leur croissance et leur résistance à de nombreux stress biotiques et abiotiques. Leur utilisation en agriculture permet de limiter l’apport d’intrants chimiques. Pour gérer leur population il faut connaître leur abondance dans le sol, et donc évaluer le potentiel mycorhizogène du sol. Pour cela on utilise un test qui mesure le pouvoir de colonisation racinaire de ces symbiotes au niveau d’une plante piège. La méthode du « Most Probable Number » (MPN) est la plus utilisée. L’objectif de cette étude a été de comparer deux techniques d’é…
Réponses comportementales et préférences envers les acides gras à longue chaîne chez Drosophila melanogaster
2011
Fatty-acids (FAs) are crucial for animal survival and reproduction since these molecules are involved in many metabolic pathways and constitute a substantial store of energy. Despite the strong relationship established between excessive FA consumption and severe human etiologies (obesity, cancer, vascular diseases), our knowledge of the mechanisms underlying FA perception and preference is limited particularly in invertebrates. This is one of the reasons why we decided to investigate, during our PhD thesis, the perception of long-chain FAs (C14:0, C16:0, C18:0, C18:1, C18:2, C18:3), using the model species Drosophila melanogaster. We have also attempted to characterize some of the biologica…
Rôle des antigènes tissulaires de groupes sanguins humains A, B, H et Lewis dans l'évolution des Norovirus GII.4
2011
Noroviruses are one of the leading causes of gastroenteritis worldwide. Since 2002 successive GII.4 variants have circulated in the population before being replaced every 2-3 years, which raises questions about the role of their histo-blood group antigen (HBGAs) receptors in their evolution. We analyzed the interaction between representative GII.4 variants and HBGAs and determined the role of selected amino acids (aa) in the binding profiles. By mutagenesis, we showed that there was a strict structural requirement for the aa directly implicated in HBGA bindings. The ablation of the threonine 395 residue, an epidemiological feature of the post 2002 variants, allowed to gain the capacity to b…
Characterization of Pea (Pisum Sativum L.) genes implicated in arbuscular mycorrhiza formation and function
2010
The arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) association results from a successful interaction between the genomes of the two symbiotic partners. In this context, the aim of my research was to better characterize the role of the late stage symbiosis-related pea genes PsSym36, PsSym33 and PsSym40 in the functional AM (i) by investigating the effect of mutations in the three genes on fungal and plant gene responses and (ii) by creating conditions for the localization of two of the genes, PsSym36 and PsSym40, on the pea genetic map for future map-based cloning. The expression of a subset of ten fungal and eight plant genes,previously reported to be activated during mycorrhiza development, was compared in G…
Human-induced hybridization and population bottleneck : population genetics, morphometrics and parasitology applied to the invaded and invasive tilap…
2011
Biological invasions are recognized as a significant evolutionary factor over short time scales. In particular, their effect is well recorded on the genetic structure of populations, the patterns of phenotypic evolution and the richness of parasite fauna associated to invasive populations. This study aims at quantifying the consequences of a biological invasion according to these three levels (genetical, phenotypical and parasitological) taking as example the Mozambique tilapia Oreochromis mossambicus. This African cichlid is characterized by an unusual conservation status since it is both (i) ranked among the world’s worst invasive species due to its global dispersion during the 20th centu…
Recherche de critères phénotypiques et moléculaires discriminants des différentes espèces et sous-espèces du genre Pisum
2014
The Pisum genus presents a large genetic diversity, that makers difficult its taxonomic classification. The Center for Grain Legumes Genetic Resources holds 1800 pea accessions. Some of them are lacking passport data. Previous genotyping studies have identified SNP markers specific to wild Pisum pools. The main aim of my work was to conceive simple criteria in order to classify the unknown genotypes. Towards this goal, plants have been observed at the phenotypic level and their DNA were extracted for their characterisation using discriminating SNP markers. Furthermore, candidate genes of domestication were sequenced. Our results clearly showed distinctive traits between the P. sativum and P…
Diagnosis of non target site based resistance within rye grass(Lolium sp): development of quick and reliable tests
2013
Non target site resistance (NTSR) is the major threat for effective herbicide-based control of grass weeds. NTSR, still largely unknown, is endowed by the regulation of a subset of the genes involved in the response of the weed to herbicide treatment. This study aims at identifying NTSR genes in rye-grass to develop resistance diagnosis tests. The transcriptome of plants resistant or sensitive to ALS inhibitors collected before and after herbicide application was sequenced using a deep sequencing technology. We identified genes differentially expressed between resistant and sensitive plants. We developed a RT-qPCR test to measure gene expression levels in individual plants from several popu…
Identification de mécanismes de résistance non liée à la cible grâce à la transcriptomique
2013
We have witnessed a dramatic increase in the number of weeds showing herbicide resistance during the past three decades. The potentially most dangerous mechanisms of resistance endows Non-Target-Site based Resistance (NTSR): NTSR is polygenic, unpredictable and can confer cross-resistance to herbicides with different modes of action. High throughput sequencing methods, like RNA sequencing (RNA-seq), are particularly effective to identify genes differentially expressed between two experimental modalities. Therefore, RNA sequencing was implemented to identify genes involved in NTSR to clodinafop (an ACCase inhibitor) in black-grass. Black-grass transcriptome was sequenced from 4 sensitive pla…